Ancient gods list. List of male and female mythical names of gods and goddesses of ancient Greece
Culture and religion in Athens have been closely intertwined since time immemorial. Therefore, it is not surprising that the country has so many attractions that are dedicated to the idols and gods of antiquity. There is probably nothing like it anywhere. But still, Greek mythology became the most complete reflection of ancient civilization. Gods and titans, kings and heroes from legends - all these are parts of the life and existence of ancient Greece.
Of course, many tribes and people had their own deities and idols. They personified the forces of nature, incomprehensible and frightening to ancient man. However, the ancient Greek gods were not only symbols of nature, they were considered the creators of all moral goods and guardians of the beautiful and great powers of the ancient people.
Generations of Gods of Ancient Greece
At different times there were different Lists of one ancient author differed from another, but it is still possible to identify common periods.
So, during the time of the Pelasgians, when the cult of worship of the forces of nature flourished, the first generation of Greek gods appeared. It was believed that the world was ruled by Mist, from which the first supreme deity appeared - Chaos, and their children - Nikta (Night), Eros (Love) and Erebus (Darkness). There was complete chaos on earth.
The names of the second and third generation Greek gods are already known throughout the world. These are the children of Nyx and Eber: the god of air Ether and the goddess of the day Hemera, Nemesis (Retribution), Ata (Lie), Mom (Stupidity), Kera (Misfortune), Erinyes (Revenge), Moira (Fate), Eris (Strife). And also the twins Thanatos (messenger of Death) and Hypnos (Dream). Children of the earth goddess Hera - Pontus (inner Sea), Tartarus (Abyss), Nereus (calm sea) and others. As well as the first generation of powerful and destructive titans and giants.
The Greek gods that existed among the Pelagestians were overthrown by the Titans and a series of universal catastrophes, the stories of which were preserved in myths and legends. After them a new generation appeared - the Olympians. These are gods in human form Greek mythology. The list of them is huge, and in this article we will talk about the most significant and famous people.
The first supreme god of Ancient Greece
Kronos or Khronov is the god and keeper of time. He was the youngest of the sons of the earth goddess Hera and the god of heaven Uranus. His mother loved him, cherished him and indulged him in everything. However, Kronos grew up to be very ambitious and cruel. One day, Hera heard a prediction that Kronos’s death would be his son. But she decided to keep it a secret.
Meanwhile, Kronos killed his father and received supreme power. He settled on Mount Olympus, which went straight into the heavens. This is where the name of the Greek gods, the Olympians, came from. When Kronos decided to get married, his mother told him about the prophecy. And he found a way out - he began to swallow all his born children. His poor wife Rhea was horrified, but she failed to convince her husband otherwise. Then she hid her third son (little Zeus) from Kronos on the island of Crete under the supervision of forest nymphs. It was Zeus who became the death of Kronos. When he grew up, he went to Olympus and overthrew his father, forcing him to regurgitate all his brothers.
Zeus and Hera
So, the new humanoid Greek gods from Olympus became the rulers of the world. The thunderer Zeus became the father of the gods. He is the gatherer of clouds and the lord of lightning, the creator of all living things, as well as the establisher of order and justice on earth. The Greeks considered Zeus the source of goodness and nobility. The Thunderer is the father of the goddesses Or, mistresses of time and annual changes, as well as the Muses, who give people inspiration and joy.
Zeus's wife was Hera. She was portrayed as a grumpy goddess of the atmosphere, as well as a guardian of the hearth. Hera patronized all women who remained faithful to their husbands. And also, together with her daughter Ilithia, she facilitated the birth process. According to myths, Zeus was very loving, and after three hundred years of married life he became bored. He began to visit mortal women in a variety of guises. Thus, he appeared to beautiful Europe in the form of a huge bull with golden horns, and to Danae - in the form of star rain.
Poseidon
Poseidon is the god of the seas and oceans. He always remained in the shadow of his more powerful brother Zeus. The Greeks believed that Poseidon was never cruel. And all the troubles and punishments that he sent to people were deserved.
Poseidon is the patron saint of fishermen and sailors. Always, before setting sail, people prayed first of all to him, and not to Zeus. In honor of the lord of the seas, altars were smoked for several days. According to legends, Poseidon could be seen during a storm on the high seas. He appeared from the foam in a golden chariot drawn by dashing horses, which his brother Hades gave him as a gift.
Poseidon's wife was the goddess of the roaring sea, Amphitrite. The symbol is a trident, which granted complete power over the depths of the sea. Poseidon had a soft, non-conflicting disposition. He always sought to avoid quarrels and conflicts, and was unconditionally loyal to Zeus, unlike Hades.
Hades and Persephone
The Greek gods of the underworld are, first of all, the gloomy Hades and his wife Persephone. Hades is the god of death, ruler of the kingdom of the dead. They feared him even more than the Thunderer himself. No one could get down to underworld without Hades' permission, much less return. As Greek mythology says, the gods of Olympus divided power among themselves. And Hades, who inherited the underworld, was dissatisfied. He harbored a grudge against Zeus.
Despite the fact that he never spoke directly and openly, there are many examples in legends when the god of death tried in every possible way to ruin the life of his crowned brother. So, one day Hades kidnapped the beautiful daughter of Zeus and the goddess of fertility Demeter Persephone. He forcibly made her his queen. Zeus had no power over kingdom of the dead, and chose not to get involved with his embittered brother, so he refused the upset Demeter’s request to save her daughter. And only when the goddess of fertility, in grief, forgot about her duties, and drought and famine began on earth, Zeus decided to talk to Hades. They entered into an agreement according to which Persephone would spend two thirds of the year on earth with her mother, and the rest of the time in the kingdom of the dead.
Hades was depicted as a gloomy man sitting on a throne. He traveled on earth in a chariot drawn by hellish horses with eyes burning in flames. And at this time people were afraid and prayed that he would not take them into his kingdom. Hades' favorite was the three-headed dog Cerberus, who tirelessly guarded the entrance to the world of the dead.
Pallas Athena
The beloved Greek goddess Athena was the daughter of the thunderer Zeus. According to myths, she was born from his head. At first it was believed that Athena was the goddess of the clear sky, who dispersed all the black clouds with her spear. She was also a symbol of victorious energy. The Greeks portrayed Athena as a powerful warrior with a shield and spear. She always traveled with the goddess Nike, who personified victory.
In Ancient Greece, Athena was considered the protector of fortresses and cities. She gave people fair and correct government systems. The goddess personified wisdom, calmness and insightful intelligence.
Hephaestus and Prometheus
Hephaestus is the god of fire and blacksmithing. His activity was manifested by volcanic eruptions, which greatly frightened people. Initially, he was considered only the god of heavenly fire. Since on earth people lived and died in eternal cold. Hephaestus, like Zeus and other Olympian gods, was cruel to the human world, and was not going to give them fire.
Prometheus changed everything. He was the last of the Titans to survive. He lived on Olympus and was right hand Zeus. Prometheus could not watch people suffer, and, having stolen the sacred fire from the temple, he brought it to earth. For which he was punished by the Thunderer and doomed to eternal torment. But the titan was able to come to an agreement with Zeus: he granted him freedom in exchange for the secret of maintaining power. Prometheus could see the future. And in the future of Zeus, he saw his death at the hands of his son. Thanks to the titan, the father of all gods did not marry the one who could give birth to a murderous son, and thereby forever secured his power.
The Greek gods Athena, Hephaestus and Prometheus became symbols of the ancient festival of running with lit torches. The progenitor of the Olympic Games.
Apollo
The Greek sun god Apollo was the son of Zeus. He was identified with Helios. According to Greek mythology, Apollo lives in the distant lands of the Hyperboreans in winter, and returns to Hellas in the spring and again pours life into withered nature. Apollo was also the god of music and singing, since, together with the revival of nature, he gave people the desire to sing and create. He was called the patron of art. Music and poetry in Ancient Greece were considered the gift of Apollo.
Due to his regenerative powers, he was also considered the god of healing. According to legend, Apollo expelled all darkness from the sick with his sun rays. The ancient Greeks depicted God as a blond youth holding a harp.
Artemis
Apollo's sister Artemis was the goddess of the moon and the hunt. It was believed that at night she wandered through the forests with her companions, the naiads, and watered the ground with dew. She was also called the patroness of animals. At the same time, many legends are associated with Artemis, where she cruelly drowned sailors. To appease her, people were sacrificed.
At one time, the Greeks called Artemis the patroness of brides. The girls performed rituals and brought offerings to the goddess in the hope of a strong marriage. Artemis of Ephesus even became a symbol of fertility and childbirth. The Greeks depicted the goddess with many breasts on her chest, which symbolized her generosity as a nurse of people.
The names of the Greek gods Apollo and Artemis are closely related to Helios and Selene. Gradually the brother and sister lost their physical significance. Therefore, in Greek mythology, separate sun god Helios and moon goddess Selene appeared. Apollo remained the patron of music and the arts, and Artemis - of hunting.
Ares
Ares was originally considered the god of the stormy sky. He was the son of Zeus and Hera. But among the ancient Greek poets he received the status of the god of war. He was always depicted as a fierce warrior, armed with a sword or spear. Ares loved the noise of battle and bloodshed. Therefore, he was always at enmity with the goddess of the clear sky, Athena. She was for prudence and fair conduct of battle, he was for fierce skirmishes and countless bloodsheds.
Ares is also considered the creator of the tribunal - the trial of murderers. The trial took place on a sacred hill, which was named after God - Areopagus.
Aphrodite and Eros
Beautiful Aphrodite was the patroness of all lovers. She is the favorite muse for all poets, sculptors and artists of that time. The goddess was depicted as a beautiful woman emerging naked from the sea foam. Aphrodite's soul was always full of pure and immaculate love. During the time of the Phoenicians, Aphrodite contained two principles - Asherah and Astarte. She was an Asherah when she enjoyed the singing of nature and the love of the young man Adonis. And Astarte - when she was revered as the “goddess of heights” - a stern warrior who imposed a vow of chastity on her novices and protected marital morality. The ancient Greeks combined these two principles in their goddess and created an image of ideal femininity and beauty.
Eros or Eros is the Greek god of love. He was the son of the beautiful Aphrodite, her messenger and faithful assistant. Eros united the destinies of all lovers. He was depicted as a small, plump boy with wings.
Demeter and Dionysus
Greek gods, patrons of agriculture and winemaking. Demeter personified nature, which under sunlight and heavy rains ripens and bears fruit. She was portrayed as a “fair-haired” goddess, giving people a harvest deserved by labor and sweat. It is to Demeter that people owe the science of arable farming and sowing. The goddess was also called "earth mother". Her daughter Persephone was the link between the world of the living and the kingdom of the dead; she belonged to both worlds.
Dionysus is the god of wine. And also brotherhood and joy. Dionysus gives people inspiration and joy. He taught people how to cultivate the vine, as well as wild and riotous songs, which then served as the basis for ancient Greek drama. God was depicted as a young, cheerful youth, his body was entwined with a vine, and in his hands was a jug of wine. Wine and vine are the main symbols of Dionysus.
Gods in people's lives
In the modern imagination, the life of our distant ancestors was inextricably linked with the gods.
There were many gods. Somewhere their number was in the tens, and somewhere it reached many thousands - as, for example, in India.
The gods were different - both in status, and in strength, and in capabilities, and in the scope of their activities. Some of them “managed” only narrow areas - sleep, luck in the game, ripening of crops, fishing, trade and the like. Others were subject to the elements of nature. And still others controlled everything around - including gods of lower rank and capabilities.
The gods could be good, but they could also be evil. Moreover, there were practically no “absolutely good” or “absolutely bad” gods - even the most evil gods could provide a person with help and assistance, and the most good gods could sometimes bring down very severe punishment on him for disobedience or simply even because of his own bad momentary mood.
People appealed to the gods for a variety of reasons - to cure an illness, ward off danger, provide assistance in a hunt or commercial transaction, support in a military campaign or during the harvest. In some cases, a short verbal or even mental appeal to God was enough for this; in others, such an appeal had to be accompanied by the performance of complex and lengthy ceremonies and rituals, often in specially designated places or luxuriously decorated temples.
To obtain the favor of some gods, a simple request was enough, for others it was necessary to make a blood sacrifice or make some other offering, and for others it was necessary to serve regularly or even constantly. A person could turn to some gods himself, but to communicate with others, additional intermediaries were required - sorcerers, shamans, or priests specially trained in special spells and prayers, equipped with temple utensils and sacred objects.
Rice. 1. Temple Slavic god Perun
Everything around was subject to the influence of the gods - from the weather and the movement of celestial bodies to the appearance of heads or tails when tossing a coin. So literally everything was permeated with the invisible (and sometimes visible!) presence of the gods and their participation in human life. And, as a consequence, people perceived the gods as an integral part of their existence, and the corresponding attitude towards the gods was an integral part of the very worldview of people, and not just “accidental superstition” or “current religious doctrine.” Not a single important decision was made without consultation with one or another patron god...
This is exactly how historians and archaeologists, researchers of religion and culture, ethnographers and representatives of various other sciences, one way or another connected with the history of man and society, picture for us the life of our ancestors.
At first glance, ancient texts, sculptural and graphic images, as well as other various artifacts that have survived to this day completely confirm this idea. And sometimes we have no doubt about it at all.
But was it really so?.. Maybe the role of the gods was much more modest?.. And if, after all, this was the case, then what was the reason for such “omnipresence” of the gods in the minds of people?.. After all, this must be the case some reason.
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January 4, 2015 a unique event occurred, the Father (IVO) revealed a new Will for our planetary race, which will now be called the Metagalactic race - this is the first. And the second, coming from the first by this decision of the Father, we (the servants) and humanity have passed all the tests, tests and overcome the Gods in our development (neither knowledge, nor intelligence, nor power, etc.). In previous eras, the Gods considered us their slaves, and this tendency took root on the planet, including through the Christian religion. We are no longer slaves of the Gods. The slavery of the Gods (the Galactic race of people) on our planet ended and we became FREE from them. We will learn the consequences of this decision of the Father for humanity in the not distant future. It is written here about religious slavery to God, read it and understand from what a person became free.
We often hear the word God from people who are believers with varying degrees and depth of religiosity. We receive a lot of information about God and gods from the media and television in the form of certain programs and broadcasts. This topic is discussed by scientists, theorists, and philosophers. Ordinary people are more familiar with and understand the religious perception of the word God. Religion relies more on the concept of God, God the Father, God, Lord God. We often use words such as: go with God, thank God, God forbid, God forbid, God be with him, oh God, and we are used to and often use them, I would say unconsciously, automatically inserting them in dialogues and conversations. And it doesn’t matter whether you are a believer or an atheist, everyone uses them out of habit. I will not say that this is good or bad, let everyone decide for themselves by making their own conclusion after reading this article.
God is one of the main religious concepts, meaning an objectified supernatural mythological entity that serves as an object of worship. Thus, God in religion is endowed with the features of an ideal, supreme being; in some concepts he is the creator of the world. Let's look at whether these statements are correct or not.
The representative of the philosophy of Russian cosmism, Vladimir Solovyov, defined who God is, the philosophy of Russian cosmism, the basis of the Philosophy of Synthesis. God is an absolute being, a cosmic mind, a super-personal being, a special organizing force. It breaks down into atoms, which organize the real world with their movements. God, the Creator, the Father is the source of life, the external manager, of primordiality. A single cosmo-evolutionary process is the union of man with the Father, through his spiritualization and improvement.
Religions about God.
Who is God? If you look at different religions, there is the word God, God the Father, God Allah and so on, which is the source of everything, but in the sources of religion, for example in true Buddhism, the word God was never used in the original sources. In Christianity, Jesus, as the founder of Christianity, never used the word God; he always addressed the Father. Among Orthodox believers it is considered one of main prayer This is “Our Father”. Otche Old Church Slavonic form of the vocative case of the word Father. The great misconception is that people, praying and turning to higher powers for help, higher mind, to God, to the guardian angels, to the archangels, in their prayers they did not reach the Father as the primary source of their life.
Prayer is a verbal appeal to the Father (practice of the Word). Subsequently, prayers turned to addressing deities, angels and archangels as protectors of people. (Monks ascended into Angels, Angels aspired to Gods). God is the same appeal to God.
Faulty Human Perception- this is when he does not distinguish between something higher, for example, the Angel as a form of life and the gods as a form of higher life, as well as the Lords (Teachers), the Father do not differ, and in the end all this for an ordinary person is called Divinity. The meaning of the Divine is beings that are much more powerful than humans.
Divinity- these are creatures of non-human nature who are endowed with power and can do much more than a person, which means they subjugate them and a person must obey them and listen to them. This is the principle of religious ideology in the 5th race, but it was not in the Will of the Father.
This was a definite goal and task to prevent humanity on planet Earth from perceiving Father directly without intermediaries. And the gods became, as it were, intermediaries between people and the true Source of people’s life. And throughout the previous era, humanity followed this path. But among the people there were others who were focused at different speeds and to varying degrees on learning new things and more deeply saw and understood the essence of what was happening in life; they were called Disciples, Initiates.
For example earlier: you worship, pray to God and receive some benefits and abilities, but if you don’t worship God, you don’t receive them. Humans are initially endowed by nature and genetics with the right to freedom of choice and free will. Man is, a priori, a free being. He was created this way by the Father.
And hence, if you want to achieve something, but do not worship some God, then you do not have these opportunities and the person was limited in achievement and his development at a certain stage. And this position is not entirely correct; from the point of view of humanity, it turns out if you do not want to worship God, but want, for example, to learn the same things that God can do, and only through worship could you come to some possibilities and super abilities. And this is not entirely correct worship, it is always dependence. This was the slavish dependence of people on the Gods, which they imposed on people, and it is necessary for humanity to get out of this and overcome it, consciously coming to the realization of new meanings and essences. This is what it tells us, that we do not always have semantic distinctions. But when they appear, we already begin to call the object or subject the perspective of the meaning that we assume based on our level of development.
And so God and Father There are beings that carry some kind of capabilities, abilities, some kind of power for a person, and for a person of the previous formation, the Father is now creating a person of a completely different scale and other possibilities. And even in this, when we begin to delve into it, we discern that the Gods also have limits to their capabilities and their perfection.
Divine life form.
Gods as a form of life- these are the remnants of the Galactic civilization of people, degraded on Who are the goddesses of our Planet (from the point of view of the Metagalaxy), who lived in the synthesis of 3 plans, what were the plans of the Planet here, they did not have a developed mentality and there was no distinction between the subtle and physical worlds.
Gods– this is a more highly developed form, a life line in comparison with planetary man. What forms of life there were on the planet in the 5th race can be read here.
Gods– these are the failed people of the Galaxy (the remnants of Galactic humanity, which destroyed itself), with the orientation of life in the Metagalaxy and the Galaxy. People living in the dimension of one type of cosmic matter.
Gods had the ability to control the laws of nature on our planet. Since man did not learn to control these laws and therefore did not possess these abilities. As for the religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans, this is classical polytheism, because their pantheons numbered several hundred different deities who personified both the forces of nature and the heavenly bodies. For example: Goddess of Fertility, Goddess of Beauty, do you feel? God Zeus, God of Fire Hephaestus, this natural elemental Fire, and so on. That is, these are deities who carried with them the phenomena of one or another law of nature and somehow helped man to build into this natural environment, interacting with humanity, sometimes correctly, sometimes not so much. It was correct when we helped people achieve something, it was incorrect when we made people dependent on ourselves. What is the legend of Prometheus the Titan worth? ancient family gods, who gave people the fire of knowledge and crafts, thereby launching technical progress. Moreover, he committed this act against the will of the gods, for which he paid. Draw your own conclusions about the essence and development of the gods. They were similar in shape to humans, but not all of them. Let us remember the ancient myths, the legends reflect their essence, there were human and animal forms, therefore the gods are not fully realized people.
The gods failed in their essence and in their content, and then in their behavior towards humanity on planet Earth. Seeing that they were more powerful than planetary people, they allowed themselves to make slaves out of planetary people. This conclusion can be put together if we systematize ancient sources and myths. They allowed themselves, like animals, to subjugate man without seeing him as their equal, but who was at a different stage of development, lower in relation to the gods. By this the gods violated the law of the Father “All are equal before the Father” . They demanded that people serve and submit to them. These are animal principles of life, not human ones. In terms of development, the gods were yours, but they could not fully ascend into man. The Father has many lines of life and they are all different, they all go their own way and develop as they can. And a person in this variety of forms and lines of life takes his position and develops from some standards (or racial development) going to other standards, fulfilling them.
Man externally perceived the gods in human form, but there were also animal forms such as Egyptian, Indian, deities and others. And people symbolically called a higher form of life divine and worshiped gods and believed in God. People sought to imitate and prayed to another form of life, rather than the source of their life, which the Father gave to each person.
Who is God from the point of view Metagalactic meanings, and the Metagalaxy has unfolded here and now on the planet and affects everyone and the entire environment. Then, from the position of an observer from the Metagalaxy, there is a clear definition of who the gods are.
God is a non-Father life form, The Father as the source of life for each of us is the essential concept that defines the Philosophy and teaching of Synthesis. Gods, by virtue of their qualities and properties, were powerful rulers on the planet; they had the ability to control natural elements. They took responsibility for management, introducing, as it were, mediation between man and the Father, taking on certain functions without having the authority to do so - this is the main problem of the gods, which they could not see and overcome and thus did not ascend into the Metagalaxy.
From the point of view of the Father's Alphabet “In the beginning was the Word” and the word God can develop us, guide us somehow, but God will not lead us to the source of life, which is the Father. New living conditions develop Consciousness and Awareness in each of us. Understanding this takes us to a different perception of the life around us and the processes in it, as well as our attitude towards the Father. We do not yet understand and do not see many of the processes that are not transparent to us, the actions that take place around us, including in us. We do not always see different Hierarchical levels and essences, different processes. But if we learn and strive, then we are given the right to be Creators and create a new life with the Father, moving on to more high levels perception evolutionary development. One could learn both good and bad from the gods.
What was negative from the gods, what should not be taken.
They did not fully express the Father.
In their power in relation to the planet and people, they could allow themselves to manipulate people. This is the animal principle of control. I am God, I am taller than you, that means I am a lower person, this is a manifestation of pride. You can say the relationship between a boss and a subordinate.
This article Who is God and who are the Gods was prepared by me for a long time, but it never took shape or unfolded for publication on the blog , until events of a global Metagalactic scale occurred for all humanity on planet Earth.
January 4, 2015 a unique event occurred Father (IVO) revealed new Will for our planetary race, which will now be called Metagalactic race- this is the first thing. And the second proceeding from the first by this decision Father we (employees) and humanity have passed all the tests, tests and overcome the Gods in our development (neither knowledge, nor intelligence, nor power, etc.). In previous eras, the Gods considered us their slaves, and this tendency took root on the planet, including through the Christian religion. We are no longer slaves of the Gods. The slavery of the Gods (Galactic race of people) on our planet ended and we became FREE from them. We will learn the consequences of this decision of the Father for humanity in the not distant future. It is written to God about religious slavery read and understand from what a person became free.
We often hear the word God from people who are believers with varying degrees and depth of religiosity. We receive a lot of information about God and gods from the media and television in the form of certain programs and broadcasts. This topic is discussed by scientists, theorists, and philosophers. Ordinary people are more familiar with and understand the religious perception of the word God. Religion relies more on the concept of God, God the Father, God, Lord God. We often use words such as: go with God, thank God, God forbid, God forbid, God bless him, oh God, and we are used to and often use them, I would call them unconsciously, automatically inserting them in dialogues and conversations. And it doesn’t matter whether you are a believer or an atheist, everyone uses them out of habit. I will not say that this is good or bad, let everyone decide for themselves by making their own conclusion after reading this article.
God is one of the main religious concepts, meaning an objectified supernatural mythological entity that serves as an object of worship. Thus, God in religion is endowed with the features of an ideal, supreme being; in some concepts he is the creator of the world. Let's look at whether these statements are correct or not.
Representative of the philosophy of Russian cosmism Vladimir Solovyov so he defined who God is, God – an absolutely existing, cosmic mind, a super-personal being, a special organizing force. It breaks down into atoms, which organize the real world with their movements. God, Creator, Father– source of life, external manager, originality. A single cosmo-evolutionary process is the union of man with the Father, through his spiritualization and improvement.
Religions about God.
If you look at different religions, there is a word God, God the Father, God Allah and so on, which is the source of everything, but in the sources of religion, for example in true Buddhism, the word God was never used in the original sources. In Christianity, Jesus, as the founder of Christianity, never used the word God, he always addressed To my father. Orthodox believers consider this to be one of the main prayers. "Our Father" . Otche Old Church Slavonic form of the vocative case of the word Father. The great misconception is that people, praying and turning for help to higher powers, to higher intelligence, to God, to guardian angels, archangels, did not reach in their prayers Father as the primary source of their life,
Prayer is a verbal appeal to To my father(practice of the Word). Subsequently, prayers turned to addressing deities, angels and archangels as protectors of people. (Monks ascended into Angels, Angels aspired to Gods). God- this is the same appeal to God.
Faulty Human Perception - this is when he does not distinguish between something higher, for example, the Angel as a form of life and the gods as a form of higher life, as well as the Lords (Teachers), the Father do not differ, and in the end all this is called for an ordinary person Divinity. The meaning of the Divine - these are creatures much more powerful than humans.
Divinity - these are creatures of non-human nature who are endowed with power and can do much more than a person, which means they subjugate them and a person must obey them and listen to them. This is the principle of religious ideology in the 5th race, but it was not in the Will of the Father.
This was a definite goal and task to prevent humanity on planet Earth from directly perceiving the Father without intermediaries. And the gods became, as it were, intermediaries between people and the true Source of people’s life. And throughout the previous era, humanity followed this path. But among the people there were others who were focused at different speeds and to varying degrees on learning new things and more deeply saw and understood the essence of what was happening in life, they were called Disciples, Initiates. Who are the students and
For example, before: you worship, pray to God and receive some benefits and abilities, but if you don’t worship God, you don’t receive them. Humans are initially endowed by nature and genetics with the right to freedom of choice and free will. Man is, a priori, a free being. He was created this way by the Father.
And hence, if you want to achieve something, but do not worship some God, then you do not have these opportunities and the person was limited in achievement and his development at a certain stage. And this position is not entirely correct; from the point of view of humanity, it turns out if you do not want to worship God, but want, for example, to learn the same things that God can do, and only through worship could you come to some possibilities and super abilities. And this is not entirely correct worship, it is always dependence. This was the slavish dependence of people on the Gods, which they imposed on people, and it is necessary for humanity to get out of this and overcome it, consciously coming to the realization of new meanings and essences. This is what it tells us, that we do not always have semantic distinctions. But when they appear, we already begin to call the object or subject the perspective of the meaning that we assume based on our level of development.
And here is God and Father There are beings that carry some kind of capabilities, abilities, some kind of power for a person, and for a person of the previous formation, the Father is now creating a person of a completely different scale and other possibilities. And even in this, when we begin to delve into it, we discern that the Gods also have limits to their capabilities and their perfection.
Divine life form.
Gods as a form of life are the remnants of the Galactic civilization of people, degraded to our Planet (from the point of view of the Metagalaxy), who lived in the synthesis of 3 plans, what were the plans of the Planet
, they did not have a developed mentality and did not distinguish between the subtle and physical worlds.
Gods – this is a more highly developed form, a life line in comparison with planetary man. What were the life forms on the planet in the 5th race read .
Gods – these are the failed people of the Galaxy (the remnants of Galactic humanity, which destroyed itself), with the orientation of life in the Metagalaxy and the Galaxy. People living in the dimension of one type of cosmic matter.
Gods owned abilities to control the laws of nature on our planet. Since man did not learn to control these laws and therefore did not possess these abilities. As for the religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans, this is classical polytheism, because their pantheons numbered several hundred different deities who personified both the forces of nature and the heavenly bodies. For example: Goddess of Fertility, Goddess of Beauty, do you feel? God Zeus, God of Fire Hephaestus, this natural elemental Fire, and so on. That is, these are deities who carried with them the phenomena of one or another law of nature and somehow helped man to build into this natural environment, interacting with humanity, sometimes correctly, sometimes not so much. It was correct when we helped people achieve something, it was incorrect when we made people dependent on ourselves. What is the legend about Prometheus, the titan of the ancient family of gods, who gave people fire of knowledge and crafts, thus launching technical progress. Moreover, he committed this act against the will of the gods, for which he paid. Draw your own conclusions about the essence and development of the gods. They were similar in shape to humans, but not all of them. Let us remember the ancient myths, the legends reflect their essence, there were human and animal forms, therefore the gods are not fully realized people.
The gods failed in their essence and in their content, and then in their behavior towards humanity on planet Earth. Seeing that they were more powerful than planetary people, they allowed themselves to make slaves out of planetary people. This conclusion can be put together if we systematize ancient sources and myths. They allowed themselves, like animals, to subjugate man without seeing him as their equal, but who was at a different stage of development, lower in relation to the gods. By this the gods violated the law of the Father “All are equal before the Father” . They demanded that people serve and submit to them. These are animal principles of life, not human ones. In terms of development, the gods were yours, but they could not fully ascend into man. The Father has many lines of life and they are all different, they all go their own way and develop as they can. And a person in this variety of forms and lines of life takes his position and develops from some standards (or racial development) going to other standards, fulfilling them.
Man externally perceived the gods in human form, but there were also animal forms such as Egyptian, Indian, deities and others. And people symbolically called a higher form of life divine and worshiped gods and believed in God. People sought to imitate and prayed to another form of life, rather than the source of their life, which the Father gave to each person.
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From the point of view of the Father's Alphabet “In the beginning was the Word” and the word God can develop us, guide us somehow, but God will not lead us to the source of life, which is the Father. New living conditions develop Consciousness and Awareness in each of us. Understanding this takes us to a different perception of the life around us and the processes in it, as well as our attitude towards the Father. We do not yet understand and do not see many of the processes that are not transparent to us, the actions that take place around us, including in us. We do not always see different Hierarchical levels and essences, different processes. But if we learn and strive, then we are given the right to be Creators and create a new life with the Father, moving to higher levels of perception of evolutionary development.
One could learn both good and bad from the gods.What was negative from the gods, what should not be taken.
They did not fully express the Father.
In their power in relation to the planet and people, they could allow themselves to manipulate people. This is the animal principle of control. I am God, I am taller than you, that means I am a lower person, this is a manifestation of pride. You can say the relationship between a boss and a subordinate.
Literally the entire life of ancient cultures took place with the participation of gods, whom our ancestors considered real beings, and modern historians attribute to fiction and fantasies of primitive thinking. Meanwhile, a huge number of traces of the real presence in the distant past of these very gods - representatives of a very highly developed civilization - have been preserved on Earth. What kind of civilization was this?.. Where did it come from?.. And why did our ancestors consider its representatives to be gods?.. This book is dedicated to the search for answers to these questions, which uses materials collected by the author during numerous expeditions and trips to the most different countries.
Gods in people's lives
In the modern imagination, the life of our distant ancestors was inextricably linked with the gods.
There were many gods. In some places their number was in the tens, and in others it reached many thousands - as, for example, in India.
The gods were different - both in status, and in strength, and in capabilities, and in the scope of their activities. Some of them “managed” only narrow areas - sleep, luck in the game, ripening of crops, fishing, trade and the like. Others were subject to the elements of nature. And still others controlled everything around – including gods of lower rank and capabilities.
The gods could be good, but they could also be evil. Moreover, there were practically no “absolutely good” or “absolutely bad” gods - even the most evil gods could provide help and assistance to a person, and the kindest gods could sometimes bring down very severe punishment on him for disobedience or simply even because of his own bad momentary mood .
People appealed to the gods for a variety of reasons - to cure an illness, ward off danger, provide assistance in a hunt or commercial transaction, support in a military campaign or during the harvest. In some cases, a short verbal or even mental appeal to God was enough for this; in others, such an appeal had to be accompanied by the performance of complex and lengthy ceremonies and rituals, often in specially designated places or luxuriously decorated temples.
To obtain the favor of some gods, a simple request was enough, for others it was necessary to make a blood sacrifice or make some other offering, and for others it was necessary to serve regularly or even constantly. A person could turn to some gods himself, but to communicate with others, additional intermediaries were required - sorcerers, shamans, or priests specially trained in special spells and prayers, equipped with temple utensils and sacred objects.
Everything around was subject to the influence of the gods - from the weather and the movement of celestial bodies to the appearance of heads or tails when tossing a coin. So literally everything was permeated with the invisible (and sometimes visible!) presence of the gods and their participation in human life. And, as a consequence, people perceived the gods as an integral part of their existence, and the corresponding attitude towards the gods was an integral part of the very worldview of people, and not just “accidental superstition” or “current religious doctrine.” Not a single important decision was made without consultation with one or another patron god...
This is exactly how historians and archaeologists, researchers of religion and culture, ethnographers and representatives of various other sciences, one way or another connected with the history of man and society, picture for us the life of our ancestors.
At first glance, ancient texts, sculptural and graphic images, as well as other various artifacts that have survived to this day completely confirm this idea. And sometimes we have no doubt about it at all.
But was it really so?.. Maybe the role of the gods was much more modest?.. And if, after all, this was the case, then what was the reason for such “omnipresence” of the gods in the minds of people?.. After all, this must be the case some reason...
A little about the reliability of our ideas
Of course, it is not so easy to draw any conclusions regarding such an intangible entity as people’s ideas and their worldview when we are talking about long past times. Indeed, in this case we do not have the opportunity to directly communicate with the very carriers of this worldview.
These difficulties can still be overcome somehow in relation to, for example, ancient thinkers Ancient Greece, with whose works we still have the opportunity to get acquainted, although for this we will have to learn the ancient Greek language. And here the conclusions about the worldview of people of a given period can be quite correct, and our ideas about their ideas can be quite correct.
For extinct languages, from which only written sources remain, this is much more difficult to do, but it is also possible. Although here we are already faced with the fact that the very process of “restoring” these languages and translating texts requires certain additional hypotheses and assumptions, the validity of which is sometimes simply impossible to verify. As a result, there is always the possibility that a particular text has been translated with errors or even incorrectly.
There are plenty of examples of such errors, but I will give here only two of them, which, in my opinion, are very indicative.
The first example concerns the translation of texts that remained after the powerful Hittite civilization, which dominated Anatolia (the territory of modern Turkey) in the 2nd millennium BC and was, along with Ancient Egypt and Assyria, one of the most powerful states of that time. The Hittite civilization left us not only ancient structures and numerous bas-reliefs, but also many inscriptions and tablets with texts, the number of which amounts to hundreds of thousands.
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Nowadays there are already weighty monographs describing the customs, laws and traditions of the inhabitants of the Hittite Empire, its social structure, the way of life of people and their religious worldview. These descriptions are drawn primarily from the Hittite texts themselves and are therefore considered completely reliable. Meanwhile, the translation of these texts was a very, very difficult task, to which the Czech researcher Bedřich Grozny made a huge contribution.
We will not go into details and nuances of problems with the translation of Hittite texts and its history here. Many books have been written on this topic, and anyone can find them quite easily. Only one point is important to us.
The fact is that Grozny was able to find an approach to “deciphering” (it would be more correct to talk not about decoding, but about translation) of the Hittite writing at the beginning of the 20th century and was engaged in translations until the end of his life. However, this was not at all a simple “linear” development of his knowledge of the principles of Hittite writing - towards the end of his work, he was forced to re-translate even those texts that he had previously supposedly translated, because he discovered errors in his own translations.
It is clear that errors in translations of texts directly entail errors in our ideas about ancient peoples, and even more so in ideas about the worldview of the people who made up these peoples. Only specialists who have spent many years studying ancient languages can detect such errors. And such specialists for specific languages, as a rule, are very few - they can literally be counted on one hand. And the mistake of just one person in translation can lead to errors in the ideas about ancient reality for all of us...
Another example concerns an even more ancient civilization - the civilization of the Sumerians, who lived southeast of Anatolia, in Mesopotamia - in the vast territory between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. From this civilization, quite a lot of texts written in the so-called cuneiform script have also reached us.
One of the tablets with similar cuneiform writing was found by an expedition of the University of Pennsylvania in the ancient city of Nippur. It dates back to approximately 2200 BC.
An initial analysis of the text on this tablet led researchers to the conclusion that it contains descriptions of the preparation of potions from various minerals, plants and even animals, as well as a lot of obscure terms. As a result, it was concluded that there is text on it with some “ magic spells", which were used by the ancient Sumerians in healing.
However, in 1955, linguist S. Kramer invited his friend chemist Martin Levy, a specialist in the history of natural sciences, to translate this text. And then it was discovered that the tablet contained a large number of special words and expressions that required knowledge of not only the Sumerian language, but also pharmacology, chemistry, botany and other things. In order to prepare a clear and accurate translation, it turned out to be necessary to make a complex comparison of the terms used in the text with the terminology of cuneiform documents of a later time. And in the end it turned out that the tablet contained not just descriptions of certain potions, but a fairly accurate description of the symptoms of diseases and recipes for preparing medicines for these diseases. It turned out that the substances obtained on the basis of the given exotic recipes have very effective pharmacological properties!.. And no “magic”!..
It is quite obvious that the first version of the translation led to ideas about the ancient Sumerians as people subject to the strong influence of religious prejudices. The second translation option is fully consistent with the natural science approach to the world around us. Two fundamentally different types of worldviews!..
Of course, in this case we are talking about just one sign. But where is the guarantee that other Sumerian texts are translated absolutely correctly? Nobody can give such guarantees. And this “medical plate” is a fairly clear confirmation of this. And if so, then we cannot exclude the possibility that our ideas about the worldview of the ancient Sumerians may also contain serious errors...
And even greater difficulties await us in the case of analyzing cultures from which there is no written language left at all. All we can operate with here is a certain amount of material evidence in the form of household items, images (very often quite sketchy), remains of buildings and the like. In this case, researchers are forced to put forward a lot of additional assumptions, most often boiling down to the transfer of ideas about some ancient cultures to even more ancient ones. In mathematical terms, they are engaged in simple extrapolation.
However, extrapolation is a method that can lead to very serious errors. Especially in cases where the system of phenomena, phenomena or facts under study is subject to serious changes outside the interval for which its behavior is more or less known.
This can be illustrated, say, by the example of Neanderthals - an example that has already become somewhat “classical”.
For a long time it was believed that Neanderthals were not much different from ordinary animals, and their consciousness was practically undeveloped. However, then discoveries were made that radically changed scientists' views on these ancient human relatives. And now it is believed that Neanderthals already had their own highly developed religious ideas. In particular, ideas about life after death and the so-called “cult of the bear.” Here's how Clix writes about it, for example:
“The most famous example... is the Neanderthal bear cult. The first discoveries were made in the Swiss Alps at an altitude of 2400 meters, in the so-called Dragon Hole. At the entrance to this cave there was a kind of pillow made of stones with a side of about one meter. On top lay a massive stone slab. Underneath it were several bear skulls, facing towards the entrance. Numerous bear skulls in the same orientation were discovered in the depths of the cave. One of them had a leg bone inserted into the hole above the cheekbone. The object of this ritual was a cave bear...” (F. Klix, “Awakening Thinking”).
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Ethnographers are well aware that many so-called primitive tribes have a cult of certain animals. As a rule, these are animals that a particular tribe often encounters in real life, and on which a person’s life sometimes depends.
It is quite obvious that Neanderthals living in caves periodically had to deal with the cave bear - a large and dangerous predator. And it seems quite logical to put forward the assumption - by analogy with well-known primitive tribes - that they have just a “cult of the bear”. After all, the very location of the bear skulls with their obvious orientation towards the entrance to the cave must be explained somehow. It must have some reason. Simple logic and the method of analogies lead to the hypothesis of the “cult of the bear.” But this is the very extrapolation that can produce serious errors.
Is the “cult of the bear,” which has a mystical-religious basis, the only possible explanation in this case?.. Not at all!
Everything can be explained much more simply without any “rituals” and “cults” - the skulls served to intimidate dangerous predators and prevent them from entering the cave. In this case, a completely natural reaction of animals known to us is used - the sight of dead relatives creates a feeling of danger. This reaction is still sometimes used today, when several shot birds are displayed on a pole in the garden to scare away crows. And in this case there is no longer any “mysticism” or “religious ideas”, but a rational decision based on empirical experience.
But which interpretation is correct then? And what kind of worldview did the Neanderthals have - mystical-religious or simply natural-cognitive?.. But the difference between the two options is cardinal!..
Let's take another “discovery” of researchers.
“...Neanderthals buried their dead or fallen brethren. These burials contain additional, widely varied objects that may provide an indication of the role the dead played during life. In the La Chapelle-aux-Saints cave, the burial of a man was found with a bison's leg placed on his chest. There were also many crushed bones of animals and flint tools - care for the hunter or supplies for future life in the invisible “otherworldly” world. His needs “there” were determined by analogy with the needs “here”. Excavations at Mount Carmel in Palestine support this interpretation. There is no doubt that the burials of Neanderthals were accompanied by some kind of ceremonies and rituals, the content of which, however, we cannot say anything specific. However, there could be significant regional differences. Some indirect evidence suggests that witchcraft rituals associated with hunting were widespread” (ibid.).
At first glance, it also seems logical. However, here too there is the usual extrapolation, which can lead to errors. Why, in fact, do researchers immediately unambiguously interpret such finds as some kind of “evidence of magical rituals and beliefs”?..
Let's look at the facts of burials from a slightly different angle.
Life in a society (or community) requires compliance with certain rules. Among them, it is quite natural for the rule of observing the prohibition to arise, say, on someone else’s property (no matter how small and insignificant it may be in our minds). A community member who died while hunting “took with him” not only his share of the spoils, in the process of hunting which he may have died, but also his (!) tools. Such “inviolability of property rights” could obviously be a very effective means of preventing civil strife in a community (tribe), and, consequently, increasing the stability and survival of society.
Therefore, if we leave aside the question of the reality of the possibility of the continuation of the existence of the human soul after physical death, in explaining the contents of such burials we can completely dispense with the version of the “magical” ideas of the Neanderthals.
“Some incomprehensible drawings, for example a scene from the Lascaux cave, where a bison with its intestines out, bending its horns, steps on a reclining man with the head of a bird, may apparently be associated with initiation rites or preparations for hunting” (ibid.).
But it could also be much simpler - the hunter disguised himself as a bird. And such examples are well known to researchers of primitive peoples, who often use this technique to increase the efficiency of hunting. And no “magic” has anything to do with it. Nor has any “cult of the animal” anything to do with it. There is simply a use of empirical experience...
The surprise of Europeans, who at one time encountered completely incomprehensible complexes of various actions of the so-called primitive peoples associated with hunting, is quite understandable. The most careful preparation of weapons, the painting of their own bodies by hunters, collective songs and some kind of coordinated body movements that imitate hunting. Well, why isn’t this “bewitching” a future victim or “appeasing the soul” of a killed animal?..
This is exactly how it is usually interpreted. Both in relation to modern primitive peoples and in relation to ancient cultures. But this is far from the only explanation for actions that are so strange to us.
Let's look at this again from a purely pragmatic point of view.
Collective hunting requires mutual coordination of the actions of hunters, and the maximum efficiency of this coordination can be achieved only with preliminary coordination of actions by the participants in the hunt. A schematic and symbolic representation of the hunting process itself, reproduction or imitation of their actions by hunting participants, is obviously the most effective way of both preliminary coordination of the strategy and tactics of the directly planned act of hunting, and a “visual aid” for training growing young animals.
“Hunting rituals” may well serve similar purposes not before, but after the hunt. Only here can future actions be planned for a more distant future and an additional “debriefing” be carried out on the just completed hunt (which is also necessary to increase the efficiency of hunting in the future).
Well, what does the “magic” or “religiousness” of the ritual have to do with it?..
There is one more point in these rituals, noted by modern ethnographic research. Let's say, before a battle with a neighboring tribe, in the process of simulating an upcoming battle, male warriors reach in advance that emotional state that allows them to carry out future military operations as efficiently as possible. Tracking down the “invisible enemy”, his pursuit and imaginary murder turn out to be not “bewitching” the enemy, but a means of achieving that psychological state, which is the goal of the entire patriotic educational system in the modern army. Moreover, it is a very effective means, due to the well-known relationship between motor (that is, motor - in a simplified sense) activity and the emotional and psychological state, which is well known to psychologists.
And again the question arises: why, in this case, are such actions of representatives of primitive peoples interpreted as “magical”?.. The answer is quite obvious: because researchers wanted to do so under the pressure of the approach now dominant in historical science - to attribute everything to some kind of “mysticism” of primitive tribes . Extrapolation of these ideas to ancient cultures also occurs automatically...
It is clear that if we change our approach and do not force ourselves in advance to fit into some excessive “mysticism” of our ancestors, then our ideas about ancient cultures will automatically change. Moreover, they can change quite seriously - the main driving force ancient man, instead of religious and mystical superstitions, there may be an objective analysis of the surrounding reality and a pragmatic approach.
However, even in this case one should not rush to the other extreme - it is simply impossible to completely and completely deny the religious component and its significant role in the life of ancient cultures. This will be a biased approach. There is too much evidence that our ancestors really worshiped a huge number of all kinds of gods.
And here another question arises. If this took place, then it must have a reason. Moreover, the reason is quite important, because it did not give rise to rapidly changing everyday superstitions, but to stable religious systems that persisted for a very, very long time.
For a society in which, as indicated above, it was quite possible that a pragmatic approach dominated, this reason should be all the more important. After all, it is quite obvious that without the presence of such a reason, without the constant stimulation of those same “religious ideas,” a pragmatic society would quickly abandon them.
So what was this reason?..
Official version
In its most simplified form, represented modern science The reason for the appearance of religious cults and rituals comes down to the fact that ancient man did not have enough knowledge about the world around him. This ancient man, they say, did not know that natural laws govern phenomena and events in the world, and explained what was happening around him by the action of certain supernatural forces - spirits and gods. The multiplicity and diversity of objects and phenomena of the real world led to the multiplicity of these very supernatural forces. This is exactly what historical science has been teaching us, starting from school.
But if for a schoolchild such an explanation may seem quite logical and understandable at first glance, then the skeptical analytical mind of an adult is able to discern a very serious contradiction in this version.
Really. In order to “invent” certain “supernatural entities” that do not exist in reality (as the same version presents) that control everything around, a person must have a sufficiently developed thinking. Moreover: he must have a very developed ability specifically for abstract thinking. Meanwhile, the version presented by historical science is based on exactly the opposite - on the fact that ancient man had primitive thinking, which is characterized by the dominance of the principle “what I see is what I sing.” In other words, primitive thinking is focused on a simple description of surrounding phenomena, and not at all on the invention of abstractions.
And if we analyze from this point of view the existing ancient images, texts and other artifacts that are not directly related to the religious sphere of activity, then this is exactly the conclusion we will get. The “visual-applied” orientation of thinking will be simply obvious here. And this can be easily traced throughout almost the entire ancient history right up to the period of antiquity - until the times of ancient Greek culture, when (and only when) mythopoetic creativity in the full sense of the word appears, and when a person begins to create in the sphere of abstract images and abstract concepts.
But why then in the sphere of religious activity does this same “primitive man” manage to rise to the heights of the highest abstractions thousands of years earlier?.. It does not happen that in one sphere a person is capable of something, but in another he is absolutely incapable of doing anything. the same.
The contradiction is obvious. Moreover, this contradiction “works” against the basic position of the same version, according to which man is driven by the same completely natural laws.
How to be?..
Perhaps the only somewhat related answer to this question in historical science is still the Lévy-Bruhl theory, which since its inception has been repeatedly subjected to (sometimes harsh) criticism from historians themselves and other researchers.
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“Lévy-Bruhl proceeded from an understanding of primitive thinking as qualitatively different from the thinking of modern man. Primitive thinking is prelogical, logical laws and abstract categories are not characteristic of it; the world is perceived in it through the prism of the so-called law of mystical participation (participation) - the identification of phenomena that are incompatible from the point of view of logic and common sense. An object can be itself and at the same time something else, be here and at the same time in another place. By virtue of the law of participation, everything in the world - people, real and fictitious objects and creatures - seems mystically interconnected. The leading place in Lévy-Bruhl's constructions is occupied by the concept of collective consciousness, imposing itself on individual consciousness, determining it - a concept put forward by Durkheim and his school. To understand primitive beliefs, one cannot start from the individual psyche, as was done before; they are a social phenomenon and represent a part of social consciousness, which has its own laws. Like Durkheim and Mauss, Lévy-Bruhl believes that in primitive society collective ideas dominate; at later stages of historical development they do not disappear completely, but here their specific weight is much less. Primitive collective ideas include emotions and volitional acts, reality in them is mystically colored...” (V. Kabo, “The Origin of Religion: History of the Problem”).
“Towards the end of his life, Lévy-Bruhl revised many of his previous views, trying especially to soften the opposition between primitive and modern thinking. And indeed, they cannot be opposed as fundamentally different systems of thinking: it is not so much human thinking that changes as the world with which it deals at different stages of historical development, but it itself is fundamentally one. Logical laws thinking in all known human societies is the same,” Lévy-Bruhl now asserted. However, he still believed that primitive thinking is characterized by a mystical orientation, that both the “affective category of the supernatural” and the phenomenon of participation retain their significance here. Lévy-Bruhl always considered participation as a fundamental property of primitive thinking. It became in his constructions key concept, with the help of which only primitive collective ideas can be explained” (ibid.).
We will not analyze Lévy-Bruhl’s texts in detail, especially since others have already done this for us. Let us note that anyone can also do this and be convinced that the only (!) characteristic that distinguishes primitive thinking from the thinking of modern man, according to Lévy-Bruhl, is its so-called “mysticism.”
But what do we mean by “mysticism”?..
We usually interpret this term either as “belief in the supernatural” or (in a more expanded interpretation) as “belief in the reality of illusions.”
If we approach from the position of an expanded interpretation, we get the following: the religious and mystical life of ancient people was generated by their very primitive thinking only because it has the property of belief in illusion. Excellent!.. There is nothing to say: the oil is oily because it has the property of being oily...
If we return to a narrower and more specific interpretation of the term “mysticism” as belief in the supernatural, then not everything is smooth here either. Firstly, Lévy-Bruhl does not explain or justify in any way why he attributes to primitive thinking the property of belief in the supernatural (giving it the status of a distinctive property!). He simply introduces this position as an axiom. And secondly, in modern society there are by no means a few people whose thinking has the same belief in the supernatural, that is, this property ceases to be distinctive feature primitive thinking.
Here we again come to a question that has already been touched upon: why, in fact, is it considered that primitive thinking is “mystical”?.. On what basis do researchers claim that the entire way of life of primitive man is literally permeated with belief in the supernatural and, accordingly, is subordinate to early forms of religion ?..
When describing and analyzing primitive societies, for example, much attention is paid to such attributes as initiation rites, taboos, totems, shamanism, etc. At the same time, European researchers, say, in initiation rites were struck primarily by the external features of the rites: their solemnity, significance, colorfulness, and sometimes cruelty...
But let's look under the outer shell.
If we discard the “colorful tinsel”, which is very different in different primitive societies, then we can state that the essence of initiation rites comes down to the transition of a community member from one social group within the community to another. It doesn’t matter whether this is purely related to physiological changes due to reaching puberty or to the acquisition of some skills and knowledge. Another thing is important - the social role of the individual in the community changes, and consequently, the rules of his interaction with other members of the community change.
But man is to a very large extent a social being. Therefore, behind the words “he becomes a different person” (after the initiation rite) one finds not only “pure symbolism”, but also a very real basis. He really becomes a different (!) person.
The initiation rite in this case performs several important functions at once. Firstly, it records for other members of the community the change in the status of the initiate. And secondly, it helps the initiate himself to psychologically adapt to a new social role. The “old” person “died” - “a new one was born.” In essence, we are only dealing with a kind of “visualization in simple images” of an important social change. That's all...
But isn’t this what modern “rites of passage” boil down to: prom; delivery of a passport, certificate or diploma; dedication to students; admission to the party; inauguration celebrations upon assumption of a high government post?.. It is quite obvious that in its very essence it is all the same. However, do we see “mysticism” in them?..
Knowledge of the cultural traditions of our society frees us from such a “mystical” interpretation. But then why not look at the initiation rites of primitive peoples from the same positions (only with adjustments to the corresponding cultural tradition)?..
![](https://i2.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/005.jpg)
With the taboo system, things are much simpler. Here, it was not difficult for researchers to see behind it a system regulating the rules of behavior of individuals in society. The version of the “mysticism of consciousness” of primitive peoples arises here only due to the fact that in an attempt to explain the origin (or meaning) of certain taboos, the “savage” uses a version that is inaccessible to the analytical logic of the researcher and the cause-and-effect relationships known to this researcher.
But aren’t there many rules, norms and laws in modern society, the reasons for which are impossible or difficult to explain?..
How many people can explain, for example, why a certain part of everyday language is prohibited for use in society (we are talking about the so-called “profanity”)?.. Or why you cannot wear anything other than a tuxedo or a formal suit to official receptions, and you must have a tie or a bow tie?.. Is that customary?.. But why!?. What does "accepted" mean?
I’m willing to bet that in the discussions of the majority on these topics, a knowledgeable specialist (if there is one at all) will easily discover such a mass of erroneously constructed cause-and-effect relationships that, under other conditions, a researcher of primitive peoples will automatically write off the “mystical” ideas. But will this “mysticism” take place in reality?..
Let us now take such an object of primitive peoples as a totem. The totem refers to the “classical” attribute of “mystical” thinking. Here there is involvement (participation, according to Lévy-Bruhl) of the totem of a certain area and even of each member of the tribe. Here is the “animation” of an animal totem or even an inanimate object (an idol, for example)…
![](https://i0.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/006.jpg)
But let’s look at this “obvious mysticism” from a slightly different angle...
Try, dear reader, to determine for yourself the content of the term “homeland”... Wouldn’t you find in the essence of this very “homeland” a connection with a certain geographical region and with a certain circle of other people?.. But will there be such a relationship and integrity (sometimes very difficult to discern? and even more difficult to formulate) complete abstraction, fiction or mysticism?.. Perhaps almost everyone will be indignant at such an interpretation and will be right.
Behind the term “homeland” one can find a completely natural and really existing phenomenon, which correlates with a certain circle of people connected by a mass of territorial, cultural and sometimes even consanguineous ties into a single whole, into a single system. A dual system, having both material and spiritual-immaterial connections. But spiritual-immaterial connections, as it turns out upon closer analysis, are not “mystical” at all, but obey completely natural laws - albeit very peculiar ones (see the author’s book “The Code of the Universe”).
In exactly the same way, the totem correlates with a certain dual system - a tribe (clan, community). He is the embodiment of this system with the totality of its connections, and is its unique symbol.
How a child uses some objects in a game to symbolically represent objects that are inaccessible at a particular moment in time, but really exist; Likewise, primitive man sees the totem as the embodiment of his society. However, even now fully grown people in modern society carry state flags to rallies and draw national emblems, without even thinking about the fact that they are essentially using the same “totems”!..
If we take into account that society, as a single system, has well-defined spiritual and non-material properties, then we have the right to use the term “collective consciousness” in relation to it. Then primitive man may overestimate the abilities of the collective consciousness of his society, attributing to the totem the properties of rational behavior, but still in this he reflects a completely objective reality!..
![](https://i0.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/007.jpg)
And finally, another phenomenon often found in primitive societies, which is directly related to the theme of gods and mystical-religious ideas, is the so-called “animism,” that is, the “animation” of animals and plants.
“...characteristic features of archaic thinking. Its first property is a high degree of fusion of the individual with the nature around him. Direct and constant confrontation with forces in the physical world and biological environment, the scale of which exceeds the imagination of an individual, creates a highly emotional and ultimately deeply personal relationship with these forces. This is most clearly expressed in animistic thinking, which populates nature with deities, demons and spirits. The action of natural forces is attributed to fantastic causes. In accordance with mental habits, these causes are isolated and come into use as the animation of things and phenomena. The oldest tales convey from hoary prehistory the remnants of this thinking: animals speak to each other like people, thunder and lightning are caused by a humanoid creature; illnesses are caused by spirits; the dead and gods wander along invisible paths, however, preserving the thoughts, feelings, desires and hopes of the living” (F. Clix, “Awakening Thinking”).
It would seem that the phenomenon of animism is completely consistent with the picture of the origin of the mystical and religious ideas of ancient peoples that academic science paints for us. However, a more detailed analysis reveals no more “mysticism” even here than in everything else.
If you do not stand blindly on primitive materialistic positions, but analyze real facts, then we have to admit that all our everyday life and all our experience indicates that in addition to the material physical body, a person also has some active spiritual-immaterial component, better known as the “soul.” Even Natalya Petrovna Bekhtereva, who for a long time headed first the Brain Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences and then the Institute of the Human Brain, was forced to admit that it is impossible to explain all the features of human activity only by the presence of a material brain - it is also necessary to assume that he has a soul as something special, but a really existing “something”.
But if a person has such an active spiritual-immaterial component as a “soul,” then the simplest logic tells us that we have no right to deny to animals and plants the existence of a similar spiritual-immaterial component – albeit a less developed one. Which, however, is fully confirmed by empirical level… Consciousness (in the expanded sense of this term) does not appear suddenly and immediately. In a certain sense, both the animal has consciousness (not to be confused with self-consciousness!), and so does the plant (although here I prefer the term “preconsciousness”). For more details, see the author’s book “The Code of the Universe”...
But in this case it turns out that the most basic position of animism has a very real basis!.. And it turns out that in their ideas both the members of the modern primitive tribe and our ancient ancestors were guided not at all by some kind of “mysticism”, but by a reflection of a completely objective reality!..
It is curious that the “details” and “details” of animism, upon closer analysis, also turn out to be devoid of any mysticism. Take, for example, the ability of animals to “talk.” Let’s just take into account that in fact in a broad sense In words, the term “talk” implies not only the exchange of sound signals, but includes the entire complex of methods for transmitting information from one object to another. Then, from these positions, it will turn out that it is quite possible to “talk” with animals if you understand their “language” (and even the author uses quotation marks here, paying more tribute to tradition than trying to reflect the essence). This is well known not only to natural biologists who have devoted their lives to the study of animals. Perhaps any competent “dog owner” knows that he is able to talk to his dog in the full sense of the word, sometimes achieving an amazing degree of communication and mutual understanding. Moreover, even if he is a convinced atheist, devoid of any mystical-religious inclinations...
![](https://i0.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/008.jpg)
However, if with animals and plants everything is quite simple and clear, then with the “animation” of the forces of nature the situation is somewhat more complicated. In Klix (as in the general view of modern academic science), everything is lumped together - animism as such (that is, a certain “humanization” of animals and plants), and the “animation” of natural elements. But is this legal?..
Let's carry out the following logical chain. Let’s assume that we are the owners of that same “primitive consciousness.” It is not something unusual or strange for us that animals, plants, and even inanimate objects have their own souls - stones, rivers, rocks, and the like. But then we (due to the primitiveness of our thinking) have no reason at all to endow animals, plants, and especially inanimate objects with a human (!) soul. It is much more natural to correlate the image of the soul with the image of the object itself. A fox running past has its own “fox” soul - it will not have arms or legs, but will have four paws and a tail. A hare hiding under a bush has its own “hare” soul. A tree rustling with its crown is the soul of a tree in the form of that very tree. But then the stone will also have its own “stone” soul, which no longer has paws and a tail. And even more so, there is no need to put a soul in the form of a person in stone.
The same can be said with regard to natural elements. A river should have its own “river” soul, similar to a water stream, and not a person with arms, legs and a head. As a last resort, you can still imagine (with your primitive consciousness) the soul of the river in the form of one of its inhabitants - for example, a huge fish moving large masses of water with its body.
A thundercloud must have the soul of a cloud, not a person. And it’s much more likely to imagine a bonfire in the sky, from which lightning sparks periodically fly out, than to imagine some kind of Zeus throwing fiery arrows. So, from the “animation” of animals, plants and even natural elements, the idea of hominid gods, gods in human form, does not automatically follow (as academic science presents to us). Anthropomorphic (that is, “humanoid”) gods are generally inexplicable from this point of view. And even more than that: their very appearance in the ideas of primitive man is unnatural and illogical!..
The exclusivity of anthropomorphic gods
The modern version of the ideas of ancient people, presented by academic science, has another significant drawback. In it, literally everything is dumped into one heap - souls, spirits and gods. However, these concepts have very significant differences.
The soul for a person is something quite “understandable”. This is what he constantly feels in himself and perceives it as an integral part of himself. In the overwhelming majority of cases, he cannot see the souls of other people - this can only be done by people with extraordinary abilities (shamans, sorcerers and others whom we would now call people with extrasensory abilities). But feeling his own soul inside himself, a person easily perceives the idea that other people also have their own soul.
Within the framework of ideas about the soul as something “not entirely material,” it is also easy to imagine the emergence of the idea of the possibility of the posthumous existence of the soul, that is, the continued existence of the human soul after his physical death. And in light of Robert Moody's fairly well-known research into post-mortem experiences and clinical death It can be stated that for an ancient person (not burdened with modern materialistic ideas), ideas about the posthumous existence of the soul could also be only a generalization of some, albeit not entirely ordinary, but still empirical experience. “Mysticism” again turns out to have absolutely nothing to do with it...
The soul of the deceased leaves this material world - again, it is not visible to the vast majority of people. Therefore, she moves to a certain “spirit world”. Here souls and spirits become essentially one and the same. Since the study of the world of spirits is not the subject of this book, we will not dwell on it here.
But anthropomorphic gods differ sharply from both the human soul and the spirit. First of all, if we focus on ancient texts, they are periodically present directly among people in a state that is completely accessible to the ordinary vision of an ordinary person. They are visible!..
These gods physically live next to people. They often need ordinary material houses and material food (although they do not refuse spiritual food at all).
Moreover: anthropomorphic gods are not at all invulnerable. They can be physically injured - and the wounds will also be quite visible. Sometimes you can even kill them - if not with the usual primitive weapons (although this does happen), then certainly with some “divine” weapon. And if it is very difficult for a person to do this, then there are plenty of cases of defeat and even murder of anthropomorphic gods by other gods in ancient legends and traditions.
And as is easy to see in the same legends and traditions, anthropomorphic gods stand apart from souls and spirits. Ancient man never identified his soul with the gods. The gods could take her away, dispose of her, could even give her some kind of privileged position in the afterlife, but the soul of a person could never do anything like that in relation to God himself or the soul of God.
It should also be separately emphasized that when it comes to ancient anthropomorphic gods, it is necessary to remember that our ancestors put a completely different meaning into this concept than we now put into the concept of “God.” Our “God” is a supernatural omnipotent being who lives outside the material world and controls everyone and everything. The ancient anthropomorphic gods are not at all so comprehensively powerful - their abilities, although many times greater than the abilities of people, are not at all infinite. Moreover, quite often these gods, in order to do something, need special additional objects, structures or installations - even “divine” ones.
In general, we can say that ancient anthropomorphic gods are much more similar to ordinary people - they only have abilities and capabilities that are significantly greater than the abilities and capabilities of an ordinary ancient person. At the same time (which is very important) our ancestors quite clearly distance themselves from these characters of legends and traditions, calling them not people, not “heroes” or “heroes”, but rather “gods”. And the closest thing would be to compare these gods with, say, modern people, equipped with the most modern equipment, who found themselves in contact with representatives of some primitive tribe in the Amazon jungle. Members of this tribe could well accept modern people for those very “gods”. Only the “gods” they met in reality...
But our ancestors, if we go by ancient texts, perceived anthropomorphic gods precisely as very real persons with their own habits, whims and other “troubles”!.. The gods here look much more like completely natural beings - like representatives of a certain civilization , which has gone far ahead in its development than human civilization. And this, in my opinion, is one of the most important factors in the ideas of ancient cultures about gods.
Is this similarity coincidental?..
As practice shows, such accidents practically never occur in life...
And it would be even more strange to expect such a similarity between the relationship between gods and people with the contact of two civilizations of different levels for gods who were purely a product of the primitive thinking of ancient man. The primitive mind with the dominance of the “mystical principle” in it is simply not capable of such a result. And certainly not capable of maintaining such a “mental result” in the culture of many peoples for many millennia.
But if we abandon the currently accepted approach to anthropomorphic gods as a product of fantasies and inventions of the primitive mind, it turns out that in some ancient times our ancestors came into contact with another, much more developed civilization. A result that modern historical science does not consider at all as a possible version of our past.
And the question naturally arises: do we have any reason to consider the very possibility of simultaneous coexistence on our planet of two civilizations, radically different from each other in terms of development level?..
However, in my opinion, the question should be rephrased and put in a completely different way.
What reasons do we have? NOT consider the possibility of simultaneous coexistence of two civilizations of different levels of development in some of our distant past?..
Based on calm and common sense reasoning, one has to admit that there are simply no such grounds. And if so, then with a truly scientific approach to ancient history We not only can, but simply must consider this possibility!..
And here, as a fairly obvious consequence, we get a good criterion for choosing between two different options for the appearance of anthropomorphic gods in the ideas of our ancestors. If, in the case of the accepted view of academic science on this issue, it was simply pointless to look for any objective and material evidence, then in the case of the reality of contact between ancient cultures and a more developed civilization, such evidence not only can, but should exist!.. Time does not erase everything down to the ground. Something must remain!..
If no evidence of such contact is found, we will have to return again to the version of “fantasies” and “fictions” of primitive consciousness, which has some kind of incomprehensible “mysticism”. But if real traces of contact between two civilizations are discovered, the currently accepted version of the explanation of anthropomorphic gods will simply not be needed. And these same gods, and their presence in the views of our ancestors, will receive a completely rational explanation.
Possible search directions
It would seem, what is there to look for here?.. After all, archaeologists and historians, who have been studying ancient civilizations for so many years, “have not found” any signs of any civilization that would differ sharply in level of development from those known to us from school textbooks?..
However, it should be borne in mind that the result of research is sometimes very dependent on the subjective attitudes of the researchers themselves. And if the version of contact with another highly developed civilization is not taken into account from the very beginning, then no one will simply look for anything on this issue, and, accordingly, “will not find it.”
Therefore, let’s abstract from the “subjective verdict” accepted in current academic science and accept the version ancient contact different civilizations as at least possibly acceptable, let’s take the path of simple logic and first determine what we could be looking for here.
At first glance, the task of searching for traces of the ancient gods (that is, traces of an unknown ancient civilization) seems as vague as in the famous Russian fairy tale: “go there - I don’t know where; find something - I don’t know what.” However, in fact, not everything is so bad, since very important information that can help in solving this problem can be found directly in ancient legends and traditions that have come down to our time.
Why exactly there?.. Yes, because, following simple logic, it is easy to come to the conclusion that if some contacts of two very different civilizations took place in the distant past, then some could have survived (we don’t know which ones yet). and whether) “eyewitness accounts” of these contacts have been preserved. And if they are preserved somewhere, then they can be precisely in ancient legends and traditions - transmitted orally or in the form of texts and drawings written on something.
What can you learn from these sources?..
Firstly, the most striking characteristic of the gods is that they had capabilities and abilities that far exceeded the abilities and capabilities of the people who lived during the period of the events described.
And secondly, we are clearly talking about quite ancient, from a historical point of view, times - about the period when the first human civilizations known to us were just emerging and rising to their feet (such as, say, Egyptian, Sumerian, Harappan and the like ). After all, legends and traditions, being themselves very ancient, directly indicate that the events described in them date back to even more ancient times.
Archaeologists and historians have worked hard to reconstruct a picture of life in such civilizations. Including in that part that concerns the capabilities of people at the corresponding stage of development of society. And for now we will assume that in general (only in general!) this reconstructed picture corresponds to what happened in reality.
![](https://i2.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/009.jpg)
Then, based on the same simple logic, it turns out that we need to look for such artifacts and traces of events that significantly go beyond the capabilities of known ancient civilizations and that do not fit into the picture of the life and capabilities of people at this stage of social development.
The task seems to be greatly simplified. But…
The problem is that historians and archaeologists, when describing ancient societies, really do not like to mention traces and artifacts that do not fit into this very description. And this is quite natural - who will accept such a picture into which something does not fit. As a result, it turns out that looking for descriptions of such traces and artifacts in textbooks, scientific papers, archaeological and historical publications is practically useless. And as practice shows, this logical conclusion is fully confirmed in practice...
In addition, the overwhelming majority of archaeologists and historians have a purely humanitarian education. And the further the development of science goes, the more the gap between different branches of knowledge widens, the more “humanitarian” the system of training archaeologists and historians becomes. Meanwhile, when we talk about the possibilities of a particular civilization, the lion’s share of them is occupied by those opportunities that relate not to the humanitarian, but to the “technical” aspects of culture.
On the one hand, this further aggravates the situation, since the view of a humanist easily passes by what would be very important for a person with a technical education, and as a result, many important “technical” details simply do not fall into the descriptions of ancient artifacts - their archaeologists and historians do not notice. Moreover, on trips to archaeological sites, we had to make sure that sometimes they not only “don’t notice” (that is, they pretend not to see), but even physically don’t even see - the historian’s gaze often passes by (in the literal sense of the word) significant for the parts technician!..
But on the other hand, these same reasons lead to the fact that on the shelves of museums you can sometimes see things that - historians and archaeologists understand what these things mean for techies - would instantly disappear in some “bins”, since such objects sometimes not only do not fit into the picture of the capabilities of known ancient civilizations, but directly undermine it. And this, on the contrary, greatly simplifies the task of our search.
Fortunately, not only professional historians and archaeologists are interested in ancient cultures and monuments. And by now, a whole direction of so-called “alternative” historical literature has appeared, in which the authors purposefully focus attention specifically on “anomalies” that do not fit into the stereotypical perception of ancient cultures.
True, there is a “but” here too...
The big problem is that the overwhelming majority of authors of this very alternative literature often sin with a very careless attitude to the facts. And moreover, in pursuit of sensation and circulation, as well as in the desire to “prove” their theory in any way, these authors often use very dubious information without any verification of its reliability or greatly distort real data involuntarily or even deliberately. As a result (according to my personal estimates), the reliability of information in such literature as a whole is now approximately “fifty-fifty” - that is, in simple terms, it contains only about half the truth, and the other half consists of fantasies and even outright lies...
Some “don’t see” and hide information, others fantasize and lie. What to do?..
If just reading books at home and in libraries, as well as combing the Internet, does not give anything, the only option remains is to go to the site and look at archaeological finds and objects with your own eyes. Check, search, evaluate and compare.
And, starting in 2004, we gradually formed a group of enthusiasts, each of whom realized that “no one will do what we need for us.” Now, this group of enthusiasts, under the auspices of the Foundation for the Development of Science “III Millennium”, has carried out a whole series of survey and research expeditions to Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Greece, Turkey and a number of other Mediterranean countries in order to search for various “historical and archaeological anomalies” that do not fit into the academic picture of the distant past. The material presented below is based primarily on information collected during these expeditions, which has already formed the basis for a number of books and more than twenty hours of documentaries from the series “Forbidden Topics of History”...
Megaliths
Of course, in search of traces of the ancient civilization of the gods, the eye first falls on the so-called megaliths - ancient structures made of large and even huge stones. Pyramids, temples, palaces, fortresses, menhirs, dolmens and so on and so forth made from blocks weighing several tens and hundreds of tons, which “alternative” researchers have long paid attention to...
For example, blocks weighing one hundred tons are quite common in structures on the Giza Plateau in Egypt. Here the builders placed such blocks at the base of the second pyramid (the so-called Pyramid of Khafre), in the walls of the pyramid temples, the Temple of the Sphinx and the Granite Temple.
![](https://i0.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/010.jpg)
But even a hundred tons is not the limit. In ancient structures one can find examples of the use of much heavier stone blocks. For example, in Lebanese Baalbek, on the western side of the complex, in the masonry of the wall there are so-called trilithons - three huge limestone blocks, each of which reaches a length of about 21 meters, a height of 5 meters and a width of 4 meters (see Fig. 1-c) . If we take into account that the local limestone is quite dense, and take its specific gravity to be 2.5 g/cm3, then it turns out that trilithons weigh about 1000 tons each! And with such an enormous weight, they are not at all at ground level, but raised to a considerable height - to the very top of the masonry, also made of quite large blocks!.. Let's say, the row under the trilithons consists of stone blocks, although one and a half to two times smaller, but Each such block can carry the weight of a dozen modern heavy Abrams-type tanks!…
Not far from the Baalbek complex, in a quarry there is the so-called “Southern Stone” - a block that was not completely separated from the rock mass and remained in its place. Its dimensions are even larger - 23 meters long, 5.3 meters wide and 4.5 meters high. This gives a weight of about 1400 tons!..
Although the South Stone remained in the quarry, the builders clearly intended to use it. And if you take into account the size of this block and architectural features in the western part of the Baalbek complex, then the version suggests itself that the “Southern Stone” should have been laid on top of the trilithons!..
![](https://i0.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/011.jpg)
There is a similar example in Aswan, Egypt. Here, in the granite quarries, an obelisk about 42 meters long remained lying (see Fig. 2-ts). Each side of its square base is 4.2 meters long, which (taking into account the fact that the density of Aswan granite is at least 2.7 g/cm3) gives a weight of almost two thousand tons!!!
In both cases, the ancient craftsmen clearly had no doubt that they would be able to successfully complete the work begun and deliver these stone colossuses to their destination. But how?!.
Historians suggest that we accept the version that the ancient builders delivered such solid blocks by hand using the simplest devices and mechanisms, thus performing an almost heroic feat.
However, in ancient times it was not just single stones that were moved, which could still be allowed for such “heroic deeds.” In the same Baalbek, blocks weighing hundreds of tons are laid along the entire perimeter of the so-called Temple of Jupiter, forming a row on which trilithons are located. In total, it turns out to be at least fifty giant blocks, which are not just laid, but adjusted to each other so that the joints of the blocks are sometimes even invisible to the eye!..
Dozens of equally massive blocks were used in the construction of Sacsayhuaman, an ancient fortress near the capital of Peru, Cusco. But here the stone monoliths had to be moved not across the plain, but in the mountains!..
![](https://i0.wp.com/lah.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/012.jpg)
And not tens, but hundreds of hundred-ton (or more) blocks can be seen in buildings in Egypt. And if we take into account that everything mentioned together constitutes only a very small part of the ancient megaliths, then we are not dealing with isolated cases of heroic feat, but in fact with mass construction (without exaggeration - on an industrial scale) from huge stones!..
This no longer fits in with the rather low (I would even say primitive) level of technology development that took place at the dawn of ancient human civilizations. This already (at least from the point of view of banal logic) just creates the feeling of that very “anomaly” that should not exist, but it still exists...
Another thing is that supporters of the version of manual labor and transportation of such huge stones using the push-pull method are not at all convinced by such examples. They prefer to refer to a certain “mobilization of all the resources of society” and “a long period of construction” - they say, a drop wears away a stone, and, wasting the lives of entire generations, our ancestors still did it all themselves.
Many techies understand that ordinary arithmetic does not work here at all. Organizing and implementing large-scale construction is not a simple sum of one-time efforts. And here we need to talk about fundamentally different technologies.
But be that as it may, the situation now has developed that - in relation to the size of the blocks and the scale of construction - the arguments of one side do not have any effect on the other side, which sometimes cites the same arguments as proof of its point of view. This debate has already been going on for decades and can last forever, since humanists don’t even want to listen to techies...
Meanwhile, there are examples that are completely out of the ordinary. Let's say, the “anomaly” becomes literally obvious in cases where we see the similarity of work with similar megaliths on different continents. Not only does the size of the huge blocks create a complete feeling of some kind of “standardization” used by the builders and determined, apparently, by the technologies at their disposal. There are more surprising examples.
For example, the megalithic masonry of an ancient object in the town of Aladzha-huyuk in the territory of modern Turkey, like a twin brother, repeats the features of a similar masonry in the center of the city of Cusco in Peru (see Fig. 3-c). Not only are the blocks practically the same size, there is absolutely the same style of masonry - the so-called polygonal masonry, in which the blocks are articulated with each other along a surface of a complex shape with many angles, creating all sorts of additional “hooks” and “fastenings”. Moreover, even the chamfer along the edge of each block is made in the same style.
You don’t need to be an expert to understand that the same masters worked here. Well, if not exactly the same, then using the same technology and having the same capabilities. In other words, these structures, despite the fact that they are located in different hemispheres of the planet, have one “author” - the same civilization.
Meanwhile, historians attribute Aladzha-huyuk to the times of the Hittite Empire (II millennium BC), and the construction of Cusco is attributed to the Incas in the period immediately preceding the Spanish conquest of South America - that is, as much as three thousand years later!.. In addition, that there were no contacts between the continents before Columbus...
Then where does such similarity come from between objects so distant from each other in time and space?.. It simply cannot be explained. Moreover, historians and archaeologists do not even mention the very fact of this similarity. It is of no interest to representatives of academic science, since it not only does not fit into the constructed picture of ancient history, but completely undermines it. The simplest logical explanation of this similarity in the form of a common authorship does not suit them even more so...
Therefore, we will not delve into the analysis of the arguments (which, in my personal opinion, speak in favor of the fact that known human civilizations have nothing to do with the creation of a significant part of megalithic objects), but will pay attention to one much more important aspect of the scale of megalithic construction.
Header photo: Mother Mnemosyne by T-R-Brownrigg @ Deviantart.com
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