Ancient Greek ruler of the kingdom of the dead. Lord of the Underworld of the Dead
OSIRIS, in Egyptian mythology god of the productive forces of nature, ruler the afterlife, judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris TEACHED the Egyptians about agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, mining and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the construction of cities, and established the cult of the gods. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis.
ASIRESE (Kyrgyz) - special, especially, by the way
ASYRA (Kyrg) - to educate
OS(kyrg) - grow
OOSH (Kyrgyzstan) - change, exchange, replace one another
YRYS (Kyrgyz) - happiness, share
OSY (kaz) - this, this
YRAS(Kaz) - true
Osiris cared not only about the Egyptians, he traveled throughout the entire earth, bringing people the benefits of cultural life, freeing them from the darkness of barbarism. During Osiris's wanderings, his beloved wife and sister Isis ensured order and tranquility in Egypt.
But SET’s brother was jealous of the authority and popularity of Osiris and decided to seize the earthly throne. Seth secretly measured the height of Osiris and, using the measurements taken, made a chest decorated with gold and patterns of ornamental stones. When the chest was ready, Seth and 72 of his like-minded people held a banquet, to which Osiris was also invited.
SET (Seth) - in ancient egyptian mythology god of rage sandstorms, destruction, chaos, war and death. Initially he was revered as the “protector of the sun-Ra”, the patron of royal power, his name was included in the titles and names of a number of pharaohs. Set is a warrior god with red, burning eyes, the only one of all who is able to defeat the serpent Apophis in the darkness, personifying darkness and eager to enslave Ra in the dark depths of the underground Nile. Later he was demonized, became an antagonist in the dualistic struggle between Horus and Set, the personification of world evil, Satan. He was the patron saint of distant countries and foreigners.
SEETE (Kyrg) - to threaten, to threaten, to instill fear
SETU (kaz) - lightly cut, trim; incision, trimming
It was announced that a magnificent, very valuable chest (sarcophagus) would go to someone whose height was similar to it. Those who wanted to receive a gift lay down in the chest, but it was not their height. But then Osiris lay down in it, and, to everyone’s amazement, the chest turned out to be specially made for him. Set (Seth) and his gang of villains immediately slammed the lid, hammered it with nails and lowered the SARCOPHAG with Osiris into the sea along the Tanit branch of the Nile.
ZAR (kyrg) - sobbing, crying
KOP (kyrg) - many, many; masses
AK (kyrg) - white, truth, true; outcast
The sea threw up the sarcophagus on the shore of the Phoenician city of BYBLA, and a miracle happened here: a magnificent tree suddenly grew out of the chest, hiding it with its roots.
BIY (Kyrgyz) - judge, chief
BIL(kyrg) - knowledge
ISIS (ISIS), in Egyptian mythology, the goddess of fertility, water and wind, a symbol of femininity and marital fidelity, the goddess of navigation. Isis helped Osiris civilize Egypt and taught women to reap, spin and weave, cure diseases and established the institution of marriage.
Hearing about the death of Osiris at the hands of the god of evil Set, Isis was dismayed. She cut her hair, put on mourning clothes and began the SEARCH for his body.
IZ(kyrg) - trace
IDA (Kyrgyzstan) - a hundred-day period after the death of a husband, or divorce from a husband, before the expiration of which a woman cannot get married
IZILDE (Kyrg) - follow the tracks, search for the tracks
IZDE (Kyrg) - search, search
After a long search, Isis found her husband’s sarcophagus, freed him from the roots and took him to the Delta, hiding him in the swamps near the city of BUTO.
BUTA - target, goal
BUTA - the name of expensive matter
BUTA - cut branches, clear a tree of branches
But the restless and evil Seth (Seth) got here too. He removed the body of Osiris from the chest and cut it into 14 parts, which he scattered throughout Egypt. Inconsolable Isis found all the parts of her husband’s body, with the exception of the phallus, swallowed by a Nile fish. She buried each part of the body where she found it - hence the many burials of Osiris throughout Egypt.
Having collected together the remains of Osiris, cut into pieces, Isis, with the help of the god Anubis, made the first mummy from them. After this, in the form of a falcon, she alighted on the corpse of Osiris and, miraculously conceiving from him, gave birth to a son, HORUS. Horus was both conceived and born to act as a natural avenger for the death of his father. At the same time, he considers himself the only legal heir of the latter.
HOR (Horus, Horus) - “height, sky”, in Egyptian mythology the god of the sky and the sun in the guise of a falcon, a man with the head of a falcon or a winged sun. Its symbol is a solar disk with outstretched wings. Initially, the falcon god was revered as a predatory god of the hunt, with his claws digging into his prey.
In the battle with Set, the killer of his father, Horus is first defeated - Set tore out his eye, the wonderful Eye, but then Horus defeated Set and deprived him of his masculinity. As a sign of submission, he placed the sandal of Osiris on Seth's head. Horus allowed his wonderful Eye to be swallowed by his father, and he came to life. The resurrected Osiris handed over his throne in Egypt to Horus, and he himself became the king of the underworld.
KOR - blind, blind; grave
KOR - to see, to see; experience, experience
KOR - hot ash; sourdough, supplies; crowd of people
KOOR - gem, precious stone
MIN - in Egyptian mythology, the god of fertility and the patron of traveling caravans, revered in Koptos.
The Legend of Mina and Pharaoh.
Pharaoh gathered all the men into his army, without taking Min to the war. Ming lived in a swamp in constant proximity to lotus flowers, and their smell had a powerful potency. The long absence of their husbands led to women going on dates with Min. During the night he copulated with approximately 50 women. After 14 years, the pharaoh returned with the remnants of his army and saw many healthy children. The culprit turned out to be Min, for which he was punished. His arm and leg were cut off. A few years later, war began again in Egypt and the pharaoh again began to gather an army. As a result, Ming turned out to be the savior of the nation, as many boys were born who could protect the country.
MIN (kyrg) - deficiency, defect
MIN(kyrg) - to sit on horseback
MIN(kyrg) - thousand
TOT was the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza. In it he integrated his knowledge ancient wisdom and hid the chronicles of the ancient Atlanteans. He was the “scribe of the Gods” - a mediator between the Gods and people. According to Egyptian mythology, Thoth was revered as the God of wisdom, counting and writing, the patron of sciences, scribes, sacred books, and the creator of the calendar.
As legends tell, “all the wisdom of the Universe” fit on a small plate of emerald. According to legend, Thoth - Hermes was the author of 36 thousand books devoted to magic, astrology, alchemy and medicine, the most important of which is the famous “Emerald Tablet”
TOD (Udmurt) - memory
TODOS (Udmurt) - knowledge, teaching, science
The calculation of the time intervals into which the annual cycle is divided is very complex in the Egyptian horoscope. These periods will differ significantly from the periods of the Western horoscope. Other symbols - deities - rule during these periods. Each deity endows a person distinctive features character, certain abilities for everything supernatural and secret knowledge. Predictions can be made about these hidden abilities that a person is endowed with at birth using the horoscope of ancient Egypt. The first part of the Egyptian horoscope is...
Ancient Egyptian deities - a total of 12 deities whose images can be seen in the drawings left by the ancient Egyptians.
Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the productive forces of nature, the ruler of the underworld, the judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis. He reigned on earth after the gods Pa, Shu and Geb and taught the Egyptians agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, mining and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the construction of cities, and established the cult of the gods. Set, his brother, the evil god of the desert, decided to destroy Osiris and made a sarcophagus according to the measurements of his older brother. Having arranged a feast, he invited Osiris and announced that the sarcophagus would be presented to the one who fit the bill. When Osiris lay down in the capophagus, the conspirators slammed the lid, filled it with lead and threw it into the waters of the Nile. The faithful wife of Osiris, Isis, found her husband’s body, miraculously extracted the life force hidden in him and conceived a son named Horus from the dead Osiris. When Horus grew up, he took revenge on Set. Horus gave his magic Eye, torn out by Seth at the beginning of the battle, to his dead father to swallow. Osiris came to life, but did not want to return to earth, and, leaving the throne to Horus, began to reign and administer justice in the afterlife. Osiris was usually depicted as a man with green skin, sitting among trees, or with a vine entwining his figure. It was believed that, like the entire plant world, Osiris dies annually and is reborn to new life, but the fertilizing life force in him remains even in death. The ancient Egyptians depicted this god as a man whose hat was decorated with feathers. Osiris is one of the greatest Egyptian gods. Having married his sister Isis in order to rule Egypt and bring civilization there, he enraged his brother Set, who tried to kill him, but Isis brought her husband back to life. Thus, Osiris, a symbol of fertility and development, became the master of the “other world.” God of the dead, he spoke to people about their lives and was the guarantor of the survival of people underground. This deity symbolizes renewal, as it never dies. His students are excellent speakers and organizers.
From the supernatural, the gods have given you the ability to see through people. Sometimes it seems that these people can read the thoughts of others. Nothing can be hidden from them. Personality: Your curious nature pushes you to new, unusual and unexpected experiments. You believe in life and are confident in yourself. You live every moment to the fullest, without fear of failure. After all, there is always an alternate path for you, an opportunity to fix everything, to embark on new, even more exciting adventures. Everything flows, everything changes.
However, your uncontrollable optimism also requires rest, so from time to time you fall into a slight depression. Self-doubt can also be caused by the fact that you cannot stay away from anything. You successfully combine strength and fragility, passion and altruism. Sometimes you are looking for a pie in the sky when a tit is already sitting in your hands. Friendship is often stronger than love for you.
Bastet
Bast, Bastet, in Egyptian mythology, the goddess of joy and fun, whose sacred animal was the cat. Most often, Bast was depicted as a woman with the head of a cat or in the guise of a cat. Sometimes Bast was considered the wife of the creator god Ptah with the goddesses Uto, Tefnut, Sekhmet and Hathor, highly revered in Egypt, and therefore Bast also acquired the functions of the solar Eye. "Father of History" Herodotus reports on the annual magnificent celebrations in honor of the goddess Bast, which were accompanied by singing and dancing. Bastet is also the goddess of love and fertility. She protected the pharaohs and humanity. The deity in the guise of a cat gives its charges charm, the ability to subtly feel and understand the situation. These are ideal wives and mothers. They will easily achieve success in all professions that are considered feminine. They make excellent teachers, nurses, florists and accountants. They knit, sew and cook deliciously. Their ability to calm and relieve stress can be considered supernatural. They have an amazing “cozy” biofield that warms everyone around.
Personality: You are used to being on the defensive. Vigilance is yours strong point, but excessive caution prevents you from correctly assessing the situation. You need to overcome shyness and open up to the world, then life will seem much more interesting and brighter. Your charm and natural charm, as well as diplomacy, grace and generosity, attract people to you. Insight, well-developed intuition and a sense of tact make your friends turn to you for advice. And they are not wrong, because you will always find the right words for everyone.
In love, you are looking for a partner who can appreciate your sensuality and emotionality. You surround your loved ones with special attention, care and boundless love.
Geb
Geb, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the earth, the son of the god of air Shu and the goddess of moisture Tefnut. Geb quarreled with his sister and wife Nut ("heaven"), because she daily ate her children - the heavenly bodies, and then gave birth to them again. Shu separated the spouses. He left Heb down and Nut up. The children of Geb were Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys. The soul (Ba) of Hebe was embodied in the god of fertility Khnum. The ancients believed that Geb was good: he protects the living and the dead from snakes living in the earth, people need plants, which is why he was sometimes depicted with a green face. Geb was associated with the underworld of the dead, and his title “prince of princes” gave him the right to be considered the ruler of Egypt. The heir of Geb is Osiris, from him the throne passed to Horus, and the pharaohs were considered the successors and servants of Horus, who considered their power as given by the gods. The Egyptians considered it a symbol of the Earth, a strong union and unity. Geb symbolizes earth, plants and minerals. He was depicted as a man with a red crown or wearing a wig, divided into three parts, with the image of... a goose.
If you were born under this sign, it means that you are a very good adviser, a kind and sensitive person. Among Geb's wards there are many public figures, psychologists and specialists in the field of technology. Your supernaturalness lies in the fact that everything blossoms under your hands. Once you throw a seed into the ground, it will sprout. Everything green on the planet shares its strength and energy with the people of Geb. Character: are you sure that you are phlegmatic? It's more likely that you lack energy. More precisely, you have your own way of managing time: no rush, no fuss.
You are sensual, impressionable and very attractive. Friends trust you so much that even if you don’t want them to, they begin to share their problems with you, in full confidence that your advice will change their lives for the better. In love, you are looking for a person who is sensitive, trusting and energetic.
Sekhmet
Sekhmet (“mighty”), in Egyptian mythology the goddess of war and the scorching sun, daughter of Ra, wife of Ptah, mother of the god of vegetation Nefertum. The sacred animal of Sekhmet is a lioness. The goddess was depicted as a woman with the head of a lioness and was revered throughout Egypt. In the myth about how Ra punished the human race for its sins, she exterminated people until God stopped her by cunning. Together with the cobra goddess Uto and the goddess of royal power, Nekhbet Sekhmet guarded the pharaoh, and during the battle she brought down enemies at his feet. Her appearance terrified the enemy, and her fiery breath destroyed everything, possessing magical power, Sekhmet could kill a person or give him illness; The goddess's anger brought pestilence and epidemics. At the same time, Sekhmet is a healing goddess who patronized doctors who were considered her priests. This is a deity with a lion's head. His court is impartial. The main goal of his life is justice. Sekhmet means "power, strength." Sekhmet was the goddess of quarrel and war. She caused dryness or flood, in general, she was the source of human troubles. She both spread epidemics and eliminated diseases. She patronized doctors and magicians.
She was represented as a lioness or a woman dressed in a long tunic with the head of a lioness. If you were born under the sign of this deity, then most likely you enjoy great authority among mere mortals and are demanding of yourself and others. You will be equally talented in all professions where you often have to communicate with people and make important decisions. Your luck seems supernatural. You know how to appear at the right time and in the right place. And no matter what business you undertake, luck will always accompany you.
Character: you are a passionate, unyielding, proud person. You always have a lot of friends, although you are not too lenient towards others. You control yourself well, and therefore rarely make mistakes. However, behind your proud exterior lies an honest, sensitive, cautious nature that awaits recognition. Being a perfectionist down to the tips of your nails, you are always left unsatisfied. More flexibility, imagination and less self-criticism will help you accept this life more easily. To achieve complete harmony with the world around you, spend more nights with those born on January 28th.
Hapi
Hapi - kind and generous god Nila, lord of floods that bring fertile silt to the fields. He makes sure that the banks do not dry out, that the arable lands produce abundant harvests, and that the meadows have good grass for livestock. Therefore, Hapi is one of the most beloved gods, and the grateful Egyptians give him great honors.
He wears a fisherman's loincloth and wears aquatic plants on his head - most often papyrus. Hapi figurines were usually painted blue - the color of the sky and deity, or green - the color of nature resurrected after the Nile flood.
The Nile River is also called Hapi in ancient Egyptian. The Egyptians call the Nile simply - “River”, or “Great River”. The Great River originates in the Afterlife-Duat; its source is guarded by snakes. God Hapi lives in the Gebel-Silsile gorge at the first rapids of the River. This river and its God were a source of inexhaustible energy for the Egyptians. The Nile is the river that gives life to the inhabitants of Egypt. Its waters not only irrigated crops, but also fertilized the land during widespread floods. That is why one day the Nile became not just a river, but a deity who was worshiped and whose help was asked in times of famine.
Representatives of this sign are very passionate and impulsive natures. The motto of their whole life is better to do and not regret than not to do and regret. They are suitable for any profession where they do not have to sit at a workplace all day, they can move around and easily change their occupation.
The supernatural ability of the Nile people is the gift of healing. If you try, you will be able to relieve headaches with your hands and get rid of the evil eye and negative energy. People usually feel good and calm around you. Your biofield carries a huge positive charge.
Personality: cheerful and patient. You easily adapt to any environment. You are very insightful, which is why people are drawn to you. Your advice always hits the nail on the head.
You always find yourself where your help is needed. But be careful! Because of this, you are often taken advantage of. You do not forgive betrayal, you fly into a rage and act impulsively. Your judgments are categorical.
You can be called a passionate person: you throw yourself into everything you do. You are a deeply family person. Treat your loved ones with special tenderness. You try to support them with kind words and inspire them to new exploits.
Set
Seth, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert, i.e., “foreign countries,” the personification of the evil principle, the brother and killer of Osiris, one of the four children of the earth god Heb and Nut, the goddess of the sky. The sacred animals of Seth were the pig, antelope, giraffe, and the main one was the donkey. The Egyptians imagined him as a man with a thin, long body and a donkey's head. Some myths attributed to Seth the salvation of Ra from the serpent Apophis - Seth pierced the giant Apophis, personifying darkness and evil, with a harpoon. At the same time, Seth also embodied the evil principle - as the deity of the merciless desert, the god of foreigners: he cut down sacred trees, ate the sacred cat of the goddess Bast, etc. Greek mythology Set was identified with Typhon, the dragon-headed serpent, and was considered the son of Gaia and Tartarus.U ancient people this god is considered a symbol of freedom. God of darkness, disorder, deserts, storms and war. He was often depicted as a man with the head of a boar. The Egyptians attached special importance to the cult of Set.
Out of jealousy, he killed his brother, Osiris, but Isis, the wife of Osiris, with the help of Thoth and Anubis, revived him. As punishment for such an act, Seth was banished to the desert. Other sources report that he was sent to heaven, where he now appears to us in the form of the Big Dipper. Those born under the sign of Seth are extremely ambitious, inventive, confident in themselves and in their rightness. Such people are often elected to politics and leadership in the highest echelons of power.
The supernaturalism of Seth's wards manifests itself when they begin to tell fortunes on cards, on coffee grounds, and even on clouds. No one knows better than them how to read the signs of fate and draw the right conclusions. You can safely entrust your fate to them. Personality: You are a conqueror and believe that obstacles are created in order to overcome them. That's why you are constantly looking for them. Don't dwell on the past, but look to the future with hope. You don’t know how to learn from your past mistakes, so you constantly start something again, test your abilities, compete with someone. You find inner peace in the struggle with internal paradoxes.
Often you feel like you can only rely on yourself. You cannot stand restrictions in professional, social and love spheres. With your selfishness, you protect yourself from events that could hurt you. You prefer to run and hide in order to maintain your freedom. In love, you can hardly control your jealousy: you subconsciously choose those partners who will like your impulsive behavior.
Let's begin.
Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the productive forces of nature, the ruler of the underworld, the judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis. He taught the Egyptians agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, mining and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the construction of cities, and established the cult of the gods.
Osiris was usually depicted as a man with green skin, sitting among trees, or with a vine entwining his figure. It was believed that, like the entire plant world, Osiris dies annually and is reborn to new life, but the fertilizing life force in him remains even in the dead. Myth:
Set, his brother, the evil god of the desert, decided to destroy Osiris and made a sarcophagus according to the measurements of his older brother. Having arranged a feast, he invited Osiris and announced that the sarcophagus would be presented to the one who fit the bill. When Osiris lay down in the sarcophagus, the conspirators slammed the lid, filled it with lead and threw it into the waters of the Nile. (Picking up a sarcophagus during life was normal at that time.)
The faithful wife of Osiris, Isis, found her husband’s body, miraculously extracted the life force hidden in him and conceived a son named Horus from the dead Osiris. When Horus grew up, he took revenge on Set. Horus gave his magic Eye, torn out by Seth at the beginning of the battle, to his dead father to swallow. Osiris came to life, but did not want to return to earth, and, leaving the throne to Horus, began to reign and administer justice in the afterlife. Seth, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert, that is, “foreign countries,” the personification of the evil principle, the brother and killer of Osiris. During the era of the Old Kingdom, Set was revered as a warrior god, assistant to Ra and patron of the pharaohs.
As the personification of war, drought, death, Seth also embodied the evil principle - as the deity of the merciless desert, the god of foreigners: he cut down sacred trees, ate the sacred cat of the goddess Bast, etc.
The sacred animals of Seth were considered to be the pig (“disgust for the gods”), antelope, giraffe, and the main one was the donkey. The Egyptians imagined him as a man with a thin, long body and a donkey's head. Some myths attributed to Seth the salvation of Ra from the serpent Apophis - Seth pierced the giant Apophis, personifying darkness and evil, with a harpoon. Myth:
Set, jealous of his brother Osiris, killed him, threw his body into the Nile and legally took his throne. But the son of Osiris, Horus, who had been hiding for many years, wanted to take revenge on Set and take his throne. Horus and Set fought for eighty years. During one of the battles, Seth tore out Horus's eye, which then became the great amulet of the Udjat; Horus castrated Seth, depriving him of most of his essence. Horus or Horus, Horus (“height”, “sky”), in Egyptian mythology the god of the sky and the sun in the guise of a falcon, a man with the head of a falcon or a winged sun, the son of the fertility goddess Isis and Osiris, the god of productive forces. Its symbol is a solar disk with outstretched wings. Initially, the falcon god was revered as a predatory god of the hunt, with his claws digging into his prey.
Myth:
Isis conceived Horus from the dead Osiris, who was treacherously killed by the formidable desert god Set, his brother. Retiring deep into the swampy Nile Delta, Isis gave birth to and raised a son, who, having matured, in a dispute with Set, sought recognition of himself as the sole heir of Osiris.
In the battle with Set, the killer of his father, Horus is first defeated - Set tore out his eye, the wonderful Eye, but then Horus defeated Set and deprived him of his masculinity. As a sign of submission, he placed the sandal of Osiris on Seth's head. Horus allowed his wonderful Eye to be swallowed by his father, and he came to life. The resurrected Osiris handed over his throne in Egypt to Horus, and he himself became the king of the underworld. Isis or Isis, in Egyptian mythology, the goddess of fertility, water and wind, a symbol of femininity and marital fidelity, the goddess of navigation. Isis helped Osiris to civilize Egypt and taught women to reap, spin and weave, cure diseases and established the institution of marriage. When Osiris went to wander the world, Isis replaced him and wisely ruled the country.
Myth:
Hearing about the death of Osiris at the hands of the god of evil Set, Isis was dismayed. She cut her hair, put on mourning clothes and began searching for his body. The children told Isis that they had seen a box containing the body of Osiris floating down the Nile. The water carried him under a tree that grew on the shore near Byblos, which began to grow rapidly and soon the coffin was completely hidden in its trunk.
Upon learning of this, the king of Byblos ordered the tree to be cut down and brought to the palace, where it was used as a support for the roof in the form of a column. Isis, having guessed everything, rushed to Byblos. She dressed poorly and sat down by a well in the center of the city. When the queen's maids came to the well, Isis braided their hair and wrapped it in such a fragrance that the queen soon sent for her and took her son as a teacher. Every night Isis placed the royal child in the fire of immortality, and she herself, turning into a swallow, flew around the column with her husband’s body. Seeing her son in the flames, the queen uttered such a piercing cry that the child lost his immortality, and Isis revealed herself and asked to give her the column. Having received the body of her husband, Isis hid him in a swamp. However, Seth found the body and cut it into fourteen pieces, which he scattered throughout the country. With the help of the gods, Isis found all the pieces except the penis, which had been swallowed by the fish.
According to one version, Isis collected the body and revived Osiris to life using her healing powers, and conceived from him the god of the sky and sun, Horus. Isis was so popular in Egypt that over time she acquired the characteristics of other goddesses. She was revered as the patroness of women in labor, determining the fate of newborn kings.
In the mythology of the Mongolian peoples and the Sayan-Altai Turks, the ruler of the kingdom of the dead, the supreme judge in the afterlife, the devil, the demiurge or the first living creature created by the demiurge. The name goes back to the ancient Uyghur Erklig kagan (“mighty sovereign”) - an epithet of the ruler of the Buddhist hell, Yama. The nickname Nomun Khan is a Mongolian copy of the title Yama - “king of law”, “lord of faith”; in addition, in Mongolia, Erlik is often called Choijal (Tibetan form of this title). According to Buddhist legends, in the past Erlik was a monk who achieved a high degree of holiness and acquired supernatural power, but he was executed on false charges of theft or killed by robbers because he turned out to be an unwitting witness to their crime. Beheaded but still alive, he put the bull's head on himself and became a terrible destroying demon. He was tamed by the “conqueror of death” Yamandag (Skt. Yamantaka), who cast him into the underworld, where Erlik became the ruler and judge in the afterlife. Despite their opposition, Erlik and Yamandag are iconographically similar and are often identified in Mongolia.
Choijal in Buddhist iconography is depicted as blue (the color of a formidable deity), having a horned bull's head with three eyes, penetrating the past, present and future, in a halo of flames. He wears a necklace of skulls, in his hands is a staff topped with a skull, a lasso for catching souls, a sword and a precious talisman indicating his power over underground treasures. Erlik's attributes as the arbiter of the afterlife are scales, a book of destinies, and also a mirror in which a person's sins are visible.
As a rule, Erlik's kingdom is located underground. However, sometimes “that light” is localized somewhere away from the world of the living (for example, among the Kalmyks - in the west), infinitely far from it, or, as it were, in another dimension. According to one of the Tuvan beliefs, Erlik is one of the heavenly gods (three Kurbustans); Erlik is also called tengri in one Mongolian shamanic invocation. The celestial localization of Erlik may have ancient roots (it is mentioned in ancient Turkic texts) and is due to the fact that Erlik is endowed with the functions of a demiurge. Erlik, lord underworld, often becomes the first to die, the first being created or originally to exist; in the beliefs of the Altai people, Erlik belongs to the category of “tss” spirits, that is, the original, primordial; He is imagined as an old man, called “father”, and also “man”. In Altai myths, Erlik is Ulgen's brother (elder or younger), his creator or his creation, the first person.
Erlik helps Ulgen create the world (in the guise of a duck, he extracts a lump of clay from the bottom of the ocean from which the earth is created) or, on the contrary, interferes with him (out of malice or inability he makes mountains, swamps and swamps on flat ground), without Ulgen’s knowledge and against him will endows a person with a soul, thereby ensuring the right to take it away after death. According to Tuvan belief, animals still receive souls from the kingdom of Erlik; The Mongols may have also had ideas about Erlik giving a soul - in Dagur folklore there is an image of “a soul begged from Erlik.” Sometimes Erlik creates “dark” humanity in parallel with Ulgen, who creates “light” humanity; sometimes he forges devils, his servants, on an anvil, and also creates some animals (a bear, a badger, a mole), pulls a boar, a snake, a frog and other reptiles out of the ground. The motive according to which Erlik is one of two demiurges (and a deceiver, guilty of evil on earth), is also occasionally found among the Buryats (Alar legend).
Among the Altai, the cursed Ulgenem, Erlik falls into the underworld or is cast there by him. At first, he comes out of the ground at night, kills the most beautiful women and men and makes them his workers, but again he is driven underground by God. However, to this day Erlik forces the souls of the dead to serve himself or sends them to earth to do evil. He sends diseases to people to force them to sacrifice. He is bloodthirsty: he feeds on bloody, red food, drinks internal pulmonary blood (in the Buryat language, the word “erlik” is directly used in the meaning of “bloodthirsty”; cf. also his epithet “ruddy”). Erlik appears to be a mighty old man of enormous stature, with a forked beard reaching to his knees, with tousled hair, a black curled mustache thrown behind his ears, black eyebrows and eyes. He rides a black-bald bull, a black pacer, a black boat without oars, has a black snake for a whip and a beaver blanket. His palace of black mud or black iron stands on the shores of the underground sea of Bai Tengis or near the confluence of nine rivers into one, flowing with human tears, across which there is a bridge made of horsehair, which cannot be crossed by anyone in the opposite direction.
Osiris (in Ancient Egypt this name was most likely pronounced as Usir) is an Egyptian god most often revered as the ruler of the underworld of the dead, but more closely associated with the ideas of transition from one thing to another, resurrection and revival. He was depicted as a man with green skin and a pharaoh's beard, with mummy shrouds on his legs. Osiris wore a special crown with two large ostrich feathers on each side, and in his hands he held a symbolic staff and flail. At one time, Osiris was considered the eldest son of the earth god Geb, although other sources claimed that his father was the sun god Ra, and his mother was the sky goddess Chickpeas. Osiris was the brother and husband of the goddess Isis, who after his death gave birth to his son Horus. He bore the epithet Khenti-Amenti, meaning "First of the Westerners" - an allusion to his dominion in the land of the dead. As ruler of the dead, Osiris was sometimes called the "king of the living," for the ancient Egyptians believed that the blessed dead were the "truly living." Osiris was considered the brother of the gods Isis, Set, Nephthys. The first information about Osiris dates back to the middle of the V Dynasty. Ancient Egypt, although it is likely that he was worshiped much earlier: the epithet Khenti-Amenti dates back to at least the 1st Dynasty, as does the title " Pharaoh" Most of the myths about Osiris are based on allusions contained in the Pyramid Texts of the late 5th Dynasty, on much later documentary sources from the New Kingdom, such as the Stone of Shabaka and the “Struggle of Horus and Set”, and on later writings of Greek authors, including Plutarch and Diodorus Sicilian.
Osiris was considered not only the merciful judge of the dead in afterlife, but also an underground force that gave birth to all life, including vegetation and the fertile floods of the Nile. He was called the “Lord of Love,” “Eternally Good and Young,” and “Lord of Silence.” The rulers of Egypt were connected with Osiris after death, resurrecting, like him, from the dead to eternal life through magic. By the time of the New Kingdom, not only pharaohs, but all people could establish a connection with Osiris after death if they paid for the appropriate rituals.
Through the image of posthumous rebirth, Osiris became associated with natural cycles, in particular with the annual renewal of vegetation and the floods of the Nile, with the rise of Orion and Sirius at the beginning of the new year. Osiris was massively worshiped as the Lord of the Dead until the suppression of the old Egyptian religion after the triumph of Christianity.
Origin of the name "Osiris"
Osiris is the Greek and Latin pronunciation of the word, rendered in Egyptian hieroglyphs as "Wsjr". Since the hieroglyphic script does not indicate all the vowels, Egyptologists transliterate the true sound of this name in different ways: Asar, Yashar, Aser, Asaru, Ausar, Ausir, Usir, etc.
There are several hypotheses to explain the origin of this Egyptian word. John Gwyn Griffiths (1980) suggests that it comes from the root Wser meaning "powerful". One of the oldest known attestations of Osiris on the mastaba of a deceased person is Netjer-Wser (God Almighty).
David Lorton (1985) believes that Wsjr consists of the morpheme set-jret meaning "worship". Osiris is “the one who receives worship.” Wolfhart Westendorf (1987) suggests an etymology from Waset-jret - "Parent of the eye".
In the most developed form of iconography, Osiris is depicted wearing the Atef crown, similar to the white crown of the rulers of Upper Egypt, but with the addition of two curling ostrich feathers on each side. In his hands he has a staff and a flail. The staff is believed to represent Osiris as the god of shepherds. The symbolism of the flail is less defined: sometimes it is compared to a shepherd’s whip.
Osiris is usually depicted as a pharaoh with a green (the color of rebirth) or black (an allusion to the fertile silt of the Nile) face. His body below the chest is wrapped in shrouds mummies. Less commonly, Osiris is depicted as a lunar god with a crown encircling the moon. In the horoscopes of lucky and unlucky days, the connection of Osiris with the moon is mentioned.
Osiris. Image from the tomb of Senjem, 19th Dynasty
Myths about Osiris
The idea of posthumous divine justice for sins committed in life is first encountered in the era of the Old Kingdom, in the inscriptions of one tomb of the 6th dynasty, containing fragments of a kind of “negative confession”: the sinner lists not his sins, but the offenses of which he Not committed.
Weighing the heart of the scribe Hunefer at the afterlife court of the god Osiris. "Book of the Dead"
With the growing influence of the cult of Osiris during the Middle Kingdom, the “democratized religion” began to promise even the poorest of its adherents the prospect of eternal life. The main measure of personality became moral purity, not nobility.
The Egyptians believed that after death a person appears before forty-two divine judges. If he led a life according to the instructions of the goddess of truth Maat, he was accepted into the Kingdom of Osiris. If he was found guilty, then he was thrown to the “Eater” monster, and he did not participate in eternal life.
A person given to the Devourer was first subjected to terrible punishment and then destroyed. Egyptian depictions of posthumous punishment, through early Christian and Coptic texts, may have influenced medieval ideas about hell.
Those who were found justified were purified on the "Flame Island", triumphing over evil and being reborn. The damned faced complete destruction and oblivion. Ideas about eternal torment The ancient Egyptians did not.
Acquittal at the posthumous trial of Osiris was the main concern of the ancient Egyptians.
Osiris and Serapis
When the Greek Lagid dynasty reigned in Egypt, its rulers decided to create an artificial deity that could be worshiped by both the indigenous inhabitants of the country and the Hellenic settlers. The goal was to bring both of these groups closer to each other. Osiris was visibly identified with sacred bull Apis. On this basis a syncretic cult was created Serapis, in which Egyptian spiritual motifs were combined with a Greek appearance.
Fall of the Cult of Osiris
The worship of Osiris continued until the 6th century AD on the island of Philae (Upper Nile). The decrees of Emperor Theodosius I issued in the 390s on the destruction of all pagan temples were not applied there. The worship of Isis and Osiris was allowed on Philae until the time of Justinian I, according to a treaty between Emperor Diocletian and the Blemmyean and Nubian tribes. Every year these natives visited Elephantine and from time to time carried the image of Isis up the river to the country of the Blemmyes for prophecy. All this was put to an end when Justinian sent the famous general Narses destroy the sanctuaries, capture the priests and capture the divine images that were delivered to Constantinople.