Signs for menstruation - what the lunar calendar says. Start in science Signs about menstruation - a combination of the date and day of the week
Municipal budgetary educational institution
secondary school No. 9, Yartsevo, Smolensk region
Numerical superstitions
Borinskaya Seraphima,
Karpushenkova Valeria,
7b grade students
Supervisor:
Izotova Valentina Aleksandrovna,
mathematic teacher
Research topic: “Number superstitions”
Purpose of the study: study the history of number superstitions and their current prevalence.
Subject of study : superstitions related to numbers.
Object of study : numbers.
Tasks
1. Study the literature on this issue.
2. Learn about the history of the origin of numerical superstitions; how can they be explained from the point of view of modern science
3. Find out what other secrets of numbers exist.
4. Answer the question why numerical superstitions are so tenacious at the present time.
Research hypothesis:
Numbers do not have the same impact on a person’s life as is stated in various number superstitions
Research methods:
1.Observation,comparison, mathematical calculations.
2. Study of literature, Internet sources.
3. Information processing.
Relevance of the project.
Naive belief in the mysterious power of any objects, numbers or actions is called superstition. Both adults and children believe in their mysterious power. There are people who blindly believe in the mysterious power of numbers. Some numbers, in their opinion, are lucky, while others bring misfortune! The ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras said: “All things can be represented in the form of numbers,” “The world is built on the power of numbers.”
Number 13. Well, why is it bad? Before considering the number 13, which is considered scary by superstitious people, it is necessary to first talk about the number 12. In ancient times, the number 12 was called the number of perfection and grace. Various beliefs have been associated with the number 12. This number has been found in various Christian religious traditions.
In the ancient state of Babylon, 12 (a dozen) was considered a sacred number.
It was convenient for counting, since it was divisible by 2,3,4,6 without a remainder, and it was easier to use for measurement. Astronomers divided the day into 24 hours, i.e. 12 double hours. Each hour is divided into 60 minutes, i.e. into 5 parts, 12 minutes each.
The year was divided into 12 months. This is why the number 12 was considered lucky.
The number following the “good” number 12 seemed to people superfluous, unnecessary, useless, even unlucky, scary. The ancient Jews denoted numbers with letters. They represented the number 13 with the letter M.
M is the first letter of the word denoting death in the ancient European language, so the Jews had a belief: if 13 people gather together, it foretells death or misfortune. The number 13 is not divisible by any number other than itself, which is why they began to consider it unlucky, and later even called it the devil’s dozen. Some interesting facts related toXXcentury. The tsarist government of pre-revolutionary Russia, when opening tram traffic in St. Petersburg, did not dare to introduce route 13 for a long time. Route 12 was followed by route 14. In London in 1930, several people signed a petition demanding that number 13 be removed from houses.
Interestingly, the number 13 did not always have a negative meaning. For example, the ancient Mayan Indians considered the number 13 sacred and associated many favorable signs and phenomena with it: 13 deities, 13 heavens, and a periodically added thirteenth month.
Many fables are associated with the number 40. This number, according to ancient scripture, is the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. They found justification for their conclusion in logically unrelated examples. According to the biblical story global flood It rained for 40 days. According to legend, the Jews wandered in the desert for 40 years. 40 days passed between the fabulous resurrection of Christ and his ascension to heaven.
The number 666 is considered bestial. In one of the biblical books, the name of the monster, the Antichrist, who “blasphemed God and faith,” was encrypted in the form of the number 666. This number was called the bestial number. In Revelation there is the following text: “Here is wisdom. He who has intelligence, count the number of the beast, for this is the number of a man, his number is 666.” The hidden meaning of this text has interested many interpreters. Various interpretations the numbers 666 were among the Russians.
The hero of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov, calculating the numerical values of Napoleon's name by the meaning of the letters, came to the conclusion that he is the beast about whom it is written in the Bible, and therefore he, Pierre Bezukhov, must kill Napoleon. According to the Bible, the beast was given 42 months to rage.
Pierre Bezukhov wrote the number 42 in French words, then calculated according to the meaning of the French letters and found that this amount was also equal to 666. And when he learned that Napoleon would turn 42 years old in 1812, this further confirmed Bezukhov in the correctness of his conclusion about the animal number. He decided to rid humanity of man - the beast Napoleon, who is disrespectful to the name of God.
With the number 7 most of all are related to ancient superstitions. Seven wonders of the world, seven days of the week, seven colors of the rainbow, seven weeks of fasting, seven deadly sins. Among the Greeks we find 7 wonders of the world. The number 7 is associated with many superstitions that exist among different nations and still is. Russian proverbs and sayings with the number 7 have meaning: “Seven nannies have a child without an eye”, “Measure seven times, cut once”, “Seven do not wait for one”, “Seven troubles, one answer”, “Seven Fridays for weeks”. In all these sayings, the number seven means “many.”
Consider the number 9. This number is considered the number of wisdom, a symbol of human knowledge and education, a “sacred number.” The number 9 appears in fairy tales, witchcraft, and legends. Traces of superstitions associated with the number 9 are passed down from generation to generation, and remnants of them have survived to this day. Among the Slavs, funeral services for the deceased are held on the 9th day after his death. The number 9 appears in the Zodiac for many peoples. For example, the Zodiac of the peoples of Southeast Asia consists of a series of 9 animals: rat, tiger, ox, hare, dragon, snake, monkey, dog and ram.
Do you believe in omens related to numbers?
In order to study the attitude of people of different ages to superstitions associated with numbers, we conducted a survey among school students, parents, and teachers.
Questionnaire for students “Number superstitions”
7.Would you live in house No. 13 or in apartment 13?
Having studied the results of a survey of students in grades 5, 6, 9, we received the following answers:
I'm at a lossanswer
72%
88%
12%
80%
20%
70%
16%
14%
65%
21%
14%
Are you afraid of Friday the 13th?
89%
11%
According to the data obtained, schoolchildren are prone to superstitions.
Questionnaire for parents " Numerical superstitions"
1. Do you believe in any signs associated with the number.
2. When traveling on a bus, do you look for happy ticket?
3. Do you think that the number 13 is not lucky number?
4. Do you think that the number 7 is lucky?
5.Have any positive or negative experiences related to the number 13 happened to you?
6. Are you afraid of Friday the 13th?
8. Will you celebrate (or have you already celebrated) your 40th birthday?
Having studied the results of a survey of parents in grades 5, 6, 9, we received the following answers:
Questionnaire for teachers " Numerical superstitions"
1. Do you believe in any signs associated with the number.
2.When traveling on a bus, do you look for a lucky ticket?
3. Do you think that the number 13 is an unlucky number?
4. Do you think that the number 7 is lucky?
5.Have any positive or negative experiences related to the number 13 happened to you?
6. Are you afraid of Friday the 13th?
7. Would you live in house No. 13 or in apartment 13
8.Did you celebrate your 40th birthday?
Having studied the results of the teacher survey, we received the following answers:
Do you believe in any signs associated with the number?25%
75%
When traveling on a bus, do you look for a lucky ticket?
100%
Do you think the number 13 is an unlucky number?
25%
50%
25%
Do you think 7 is a lucky number?
25%
75%
Have any negative experiences related to the number 13 happened to you?
100%
Are you afraid of Friday the 13th?
60%
30%
10%
Did you celebrate your 40th birthday?
18%
64%
18%
Conclusions:
We studied the literature on this issue;
learned different versions of the origin of superstitions with numbers;
found that both children and adults (including teachers) are prone to superstitions.
So does belief in numerical mysticism affect people's lives? In our work we tried to talk about the most famous numerical superstitions. From the considered numerical superstitions it is clear that they arose at a time when only the rudiments of culture existed. The reason for the emergence of superstitions was the need of people to understand the nature around them, for scientific explanation who lacked knowledge. Modern science explains the nature of mysterious phenomena, so you should not believe all these prejudices. On any day, both good and bad events happen, but a person always tries to connect it with something supernatural. In our age of progressive technologies and scientific and technological progress, science, in particular mathematics, is successfully developing, this gives complete confidence that there is less and less room for idealism, and, consequently, for numerical superstitions and mysticism.We believe that many of the events that happen in our lives that we associate with “good” and “bad” numbers are just coincidence.
We have come to the conclusion that neither horoscopes, nor the secrets of one’s birthday and name, nor ill-fated numbers can influence the fate, character and activities of a person who believes in his own abilities. But these and similar factors create additional emotions in a superstitious person. Wide advertising astrological forecasts, the services of all kinds of sorcerers, sorcerers, and fortune-tellers creates fertile ground for the “cultivation” of superstitions. But we, modern youth, must be confident in ourselves and not succumb to the hypnotic tricks of numerical superstitions.
LITERATURE
G.I.Geyser.History of mathematics in school
Dorokhov A. “About truth and fiction”
Ermakov I. V. “Atheistic education in teaching arithmetic”
I.Ya Depman, N.Ya Vilenkin “Behind the pages of a mathematics textbook”
M.I. Shakhnovich “Signs in the light of science”
Supplement "Mathematics" to the newspaper "First of September"
Stepanova M.G. "Number Superstitions"
B.A. Kordemsky “To captivate schoolchildren with mathematics”
T.A. Shchepkina T.A. " Practical numerology»
Materials fromInternet resources
As long as humanity has existed, all kinds of signs have existed. And a lot of signs are connected with numbers. Many people don't pay much attention to numbers. But in vain. Even the ancient Greeks, working with numbers, noticed that numbers and our universe are inseparable.
It is known for certain that the very first mystic who paid attention to numbers was the famous Pythagoras. He spent his whole life trying to unravel the mystical power of numbers. And Cornelius Agrippa brought his work to completion. He succeeded in what Pythagoras could not fully understand. He was able to find the magical meaning of each number. These meanings are still known to us today. Many of them have come down to us in the form of signs, although over the past millennia this knowledge has managed to acquire new signs.
From 1 to 9
Let's start with the simplest. All numbers are divided into even and odd. So, even numbers have the most powerful energy; they are usually considered the numbers of male power. And odd numbers are able to calm, relax - numbers that give feminine strength.
So, the most basic numbers are considered to be numbers from 1 to 9. They are the ones who create life.
1 is the Creator.
2 – feminine and masculine.
3 – birth of a new life.
4 – materialization of all things.
5 – search for an ideal world or state.
6 – bringing the idea to life.
7 – unity with nature.
8 – division into spiritual and material.
9 – achievement of supreme bliss.
This is what became the basis for everything that we know today. But life went on, everything changed. And people continued to observe how numbers affected their lives. They drew conclusions, and all this knowledge came to us in the form of signs. And it’s not just simple numbers that provide us with any information.
7, 13
For example, the number 13 began to be considered unlucky. There are several legends on this topic. The closest one to us is that Jesus Christ lived and had 12 disciples. Together there were 13 of them. But one of them, Judas, betrayed his teacher. Since then, the number 13 has been considered the number of the devil. In the USA, for example, you will not find an apartment, a house, or even floor number 13 anywhere. This number is simply ignored. But there is an even more ancient Scandinavian myth about how twelve gods gathered to feast together. They all helped people in any way they could. But the 13th, who was the god of evil and envy, was not invited. He still appeared and quarreled all the gods among themselves.
To this day we still don’t know whether 13 is a lucky number or not. There are people for whom this number helps, and there are those for whom it brings trouble. We are all individuals. But the fact remains a fact. In many countries people don't like this number.
In Rus', the luckiest numbers have always been considered, and even now, the numbers 3 and 7. 3 is help higher powers, she is associated with the Trinity. It’s not for nothing that there are signs that you can only make three wishes. Of course, make as many wishes as you want, but only three of them will definitely come true.
There are many sayings about 7 among the people. But if you want your wish to come true, you must repeat it 7, 77 or 777 times. The bigger, the better. But for the Greeks, the number 7, on the contrary, was considered a symbol of anxiety, uncertainty and disorder.
8 is considered very important number for newborns. This is a symbol of infinity of health, happiness, and a long prosperous life. Therefore, it was customary not to show the child to anyone, even close relatives, until he was 8 days old. This is done so as not to take away the well-being of the child. But in Japan, the number 8 is considered unlucky because in their language it sounds like the word “pain.” And the number 4 is generally associated with the word “death”.
Perhaps these are all conventions. But this is only when one person believes in such a convention, but if the whole nation, or the whole world believes, then this is already a pattern. Therefore, let's listen to what our ancestors warn us about, but at the same time not forget that we make our own destiny.
We know that the number 13 in omens by numbers is called the devil's dozen, and this in no way contributes to the popularity of this number. In Russia, 13 is considered an unlucky number: it is bad to live in house number 13, and even worse in an apartment; A ticket with this unlucky number in the exam promises an unsatisfactory grade. But there are people who think 13 is the most lucky number. In general, the attitude towards the devil's dozen is very, very individual.
But in some European countries, especially in England (despite their primness, the British are very superstitious), superstitions and signs associated with numbers are very tenacious. Here you will not find houses and apartments with the number 13; there are also no 13 floors. But Northern Europeans are especially afraid of the so-called devil’s number - 666, and in order not to encounter this terrible number on their way, they simply avoid assigning such a number to anything.
How can we explain such a biased attitude towards the unfortunate number 13? The original reason for this sign about numbers is that the number 13 was often used by occultists and was considered a fatal number by them. The number 13 was believed to hold the key to power and dominance over others.
The Church, which usually considered superstitions a relic of pagan times and did not recognize them, in this case also recognized the number 13 as unlucky. The clergy relied on the fact that at the Last Supper 12 apostles and Christ himself sat at the table, that is, the total number was 13. It is still considered a bad omen if 13 people gather at the table - within a year one of those present will die. This was especially true for those who would be the first or last to leave the table.
The legend about the so-called unlucky number is also connected with the fact that some peoples did not have a decimal counting system, but a duodecimal one. And in Russia it was customary to count dozens. Therefore, the number 12 was the last one in the series of familiar numbers, and it was followed by an unknown number, which, like all unknowns, was scary. And despite the fact that the number 13 appeared much later, it initially carried bad energy.
What do the numbers 0 to 7 mean?
- Zero – eternal primordial emptiness; a number that has no parameters, no boundaries, no values.
- One is a symbol of wisdom, a number with one concept is integrity.
- Two is a symbol of ignorance. This number is given the following symbolic names: Spirit, evil, darkness, error, insolence, instability. It is generally accepted that the number two is the emergence of primary evil in the Universe.
- The number three has always and everywhere been considered good, bringing good luck. And such a positive assessment is not accidental. “God is one in three persons,” we say. Father, Son and Holy Spirit - this is the holy trinity, thanks to which the number three is considered lucky. In addition, it is considered magical, as it symbolizes our entire earthly path: birth - life - death. Perhaps this is why in many rituals it is customary to say all kinds of spells and prayers three times.
- Four is the root of all things, the source of nature, the symbol of God, perseverance and harmony. This is the last quantity that directly forms the world from four elements (elements): water, fire, earth, air.
- Five is the union of even and odd numbers (2 and 3). This number symbolizes in the signs of numbers everything higher and everything lower.
- Six symbolizes the creation of the world. This is the personification of harmony in the Universe, between the male and female principles.
- Another lucky number is 7. Seven is a universal and absolute number, as it contains two, three, four, and five. Seven is the number of all symbols and symbolizes the power of the spirit. As you know, God created the Earth and its inhabitants for exactly six days, and on the seventh he gave himself a rest from righteous labors, which is why our earthly existence is divided into weeks consisting of 7 days. Until now, we look forward to the 7th day of the week as a holiday: after all, it was created so that a person can escape from worldly worries and bustle, immerse himself in himself, and comprehend his life path. They say: “Measure seven times - cut once”, “Seven don’t wait for one”, “One with a bipod, seven with a spoon” - you can give a lot more examples where this number appears: here are fairy tales, sayings, and songs, and much, much more.
We hope that folk signs about numbers will help you in life.
Blinkov Dmirty
The influence of belief in numerical mysticism on people's lives
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MBOU "Khvoshchevskaya Secondary School"
PROJECT
"Number Superstitions"
Completed by: 7th grade student Dmitry Blinkov
Project Manager:
mathematic teacher
Obolenskaya Natalya Yurievna
2010
Justification of the problem:the influence of belief in numerical mysticism on people's lives.
Relevance of the problem:an increase in the number of young people who believe in the magic of numbers.
Objective of the project: to prove that in the age of progressive technologies and scientific and technological progress, when science, in particular mathematics, is successfully developing, there is less and less room for numerical superstitions and mysticism.
Tasks:
- Study historical literature in order to obtain information about the emergence of numerical superstitions.
- Show the difference between numbers and numbers.
- Convince peers that belief in number superstitions are echoes of ancient ideas about the mystical power of numbers.
- Conduct a study of the attitude of people of different ages to superstitions associated with numbers, find out which of the numbers 7 or 13 is luckier.
Project type: informational with elements of research.
Project form: individual project.
Subject content area: mathematics, history, astrology, numerology.
Field of study: numbers and figures: mysticism and superstitions associated with numbers.
Introduction…………………………………………………….3
- Where do superstitions come from?.................................................... ....4
- Numbers as a means of achieving success………………..6
- Which number is luckier: 7 or 13?................7
- Research………………………………….11
- Confusion of numbers and numbers………………………..15
- “The Number of the Devil”……………………………...17
Conclusion……………………………………………………………...18
Literature……………………………………………......19
INTRODUCTION
Numbers accompany us from our first cry to our last breath. Not a single step we take is complete without them - regardless of whether we realize it or not. Amazing magical properties numbers have occupied the minds of people since time immemorial. I was interested in the question of what role do numbers play in our destiny? Why do some numbers evoke respect, while others evoke fear or fear? Maybe the ancestors were right when they endowed numbers with special mystical properties that could influence a person’s destiny? Therefore, I chose the topic “Number Superstitions” for my project.Although I do not consider myself a superstitious person, after analyzing some events, I began to wonder if the number 13 is really unlucky and 7 is lucky? Why are people so afraid of the number 666? I had to start collecting information about the historical background of the emergence of superstitions, about numbers and figures. I did some research that helped me draw conclusions and convince my classmates.
- WHERE DO SUPERSTITIONS COME FROM?
Do you agree with the opinion that walking under the stairs or breaking a mirror means dooming yourself to failure? You believe that a black cat crossing your path is a bad omen, but broken mirror will it bring grief?If the answer is yes, then you are a superstitious person.
Superstitions have existed since the dawn of civilization to this day.Superstition is a very subtle thing, almost everyone believes it, and no one wants to admit it.It is almost impossible to explain exactly how superstitions arise. Maybe the reason is some natural phenomena that frighten people with their mystery, or events the occurrence of which they would like to prevent. However, people begin to believe in some explanation of the phenomena occurring or become stronger in the idea that they have the power, through certain actions, to force these phenomena to occur according to their desire. Superstition is a belief, usually born of fear, that is contrary to reason and cannot be confirmed by experience. There are over a million superstitions, and the majority of the world's population believes in at least one of them. For example, celestial bodies have been the subject of mystifications and fears of people for centuries, in connection with which superstitions arose. Mysterious aliens - comets - caused particular fear. According to superstitious people, a comet is a sign of an impending war or other disaster.
The moon is also surrounded by an aura of mystery. Many people believe that if you stare at it for a long time, you will become crazy. Since ancient people could not understand the behavior of animals, they created superstitions around them. A black cat crossing your path is a sign of failure, the cry of an owl is a sign of approaching death, etc. Sailors, constantly struggling with the elements, have always been subject to superstitions. For example, winds and storms are dangerous, so superstitions are associated with them. Many sailors believe that whistling is caused by wind or storm. Even preserved until today the tradition of christening a ship with a bottle of wine broken on its bow also turns out to be a tribute to an old superstition: wine was considered a sacrifice to the god of the sea, Neptune!
Since people interact so much with numbers, there are naturally many superstitions associated with “lucky” and “unlucky” numbers.Our current superstitions are echoes of ancient ideas about the mystical power of numbers. In tribes in which counting was limited to the numbers two or three (one, two; one, two, three), everything that was associated with counting objects exceeding two or three was equivalent to the concept of “many” or “darkness.” That which could not be counted was, as it were, beyond the limits of reason and was mysterious, endowed with supernatural properties, and was considered sacred.Many false signs are associated with fortune telling by numbers, with belief in the fatal meaning of certain numbers. The inspirers of all superstitions without exception are ministers of different religions, since the basis of superstitions is the belief in the existence of mysterious connections between things and phenomena that are inaccessible to people’s understanding. Superstitions may have different origins, but they are all born of ignorance and fear.
- NUMBERS AS A MEANS OF ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS
...Let the eternal world of mysteries remain,
So that life continues without knowing the end.
Oh, sober minds and strict hearts,
All feelings can be put in order,
Let the eternal world of mysteries remain!
Superstitions associated with numbers are perhaps one of the most enduring and widespread. According to many,numbers can be lucky or unlucky, bringing good fortune or misfortune. By the way, numerology is popular in Asia. You will never sell a house if its number is 24. These numbers sound like an easy death. Car number 288 is “easy money” and will be sold first. The happiest are considered odd numbers, however, both (even) must be present in equal quantities. The attitude towards a numeral among the people is determined by the homonym word. The number 1 sounds like “win, honor”, and the number 4 sounds like “death”.
Which number do you like the most? Three? Seven? Five? You are surprised by this question: how can you love some numbers or figures? However, not everyone thinks so. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras argued that “numbers rule the world.” He created a school of like-minded people who believed in the magic of numbers and thought that behind every object there was a number. Numbers, they believed, bring with them good and evil, happiness and unhappiness. You just need to find out which of them are good and which are evil.
- WHICH NUMBER IS LUCKIER: 7 OR 13?
What numbers were attributed with “magic” meaning? There is no number that does not have a trail of prejudice behind it. Moreover, in some countries and at one time a certain number could be considered “lucky”, and in other countries and at other times – “fatal”.
"Fear the number four!" – at least, that’s what Chinese superstitions say, linking the number “4” with the symbol of death.And in ancient times, the number four was considered a symbol of stability and strength. After all, it is represented by a square, the four sides of which mean the four cardinal directions, four seasons, four elements - Fire, Earth, Air and Water.
For Spaniards, there is nothing worse when the 13th falls on a Tuesday. The word “Tuesday” is derived from the name of the god of war, Mars, and in ancient times was uniquely associated with death. This also explains the existence in Spanish large number sayings that commemorate Tuesdays with unkind words: “on Tuesday the hen does not lay an egg, the girl does not marry,” “on Tuesday neither marry a son nor slaughter a pig,” etc. It is considered a bad sign to cut your nails or hair on this day, since along with them you can cut off your life. The tsarist government in Russia, when installing an electric tram in St. Petersburg, for a long time did not dare to introduce route No. 13, moving straight to number 14. The authorities thought that the public would not ride in cars with such a fatal number.
In China, the number 8 is considered very lucky because it is pronounced similar to the word for “get rich” or “prosper.” It is believed that a number consisting of eight digits, 8, will certainly bring a person (or company) insane success.
Mysterious number seven! No matter how they consider it: sacred, divine, magical, and happy. This is how the British, French, Italians, Russians treat him, and Hindus, Arabs, Turks and other peoples revere him. The number seven plays important role in religions and beliefs of people, in art and language, in science and technology...
The mystical properties of the number seven are explained by the fact that Ancient Babylon people observed seven moving planets in the night sky that supposedly revolve around the Earth: the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. The Babylonians deified them and believed that the seven gods who settled on the planets controlled the destinies of people and nations. The origin of the seven-day week is apparently connected with the number of these celestial bodies. lunar month. The number seven appears frequently in the Bible. IN Ancient China a woman’s life was divided into cycles of seven years, and on the seventh day of the seventh month big celebration young women and girls.
The sevenfold series was also important during the Middle Ages: the seven sacraments, the seven deadly sins, the seven weeks of Lent, the seven requests in the Lord's Prayer. The saying "the wicked witch seven" meant a grumpy spouse. On old ones playing cards the seven depicted a devil, and this card could beat others. For residents of the USA, China and some Eastern countries, the number seven is considered lucky and means prosperity, stability and well-being. Therefore, people there tend to drive cars, fly airplanes, live in houses, apartments and on floors whose numbers contain the number 7. We ourselves often use the number seven in proverbs and sayings. “Seven spans in the forehead”, “seven Fridays in a week”, “seven troubles - one answer”; “in seventh heaven”. Now remember 07/07/07 or 08/08/08. A wedding boom swept across the country. Couples long before this dates were occupied by queues at the registry office. But as statistics showed, not all marriages concluded on these days turned out to be happy. Some couples already submitted applications for divorce literally the next day.
There is no other superstitious sign to which most people would attach so much importance as recognizing the number 13 as unlucky. In many hotels there is no floor number 13 - the count goes from the 12th straight to the 14th. Many people will never invite 13 people to dinner. Students consider the 13th exam ticket to be unlucky. Oddly enough, there is no single generally accepted explanation for the origin of the superstition associated with the number 13. Some experts believe that the number 13 has become unpopular since the time when people began to learn to count. Using 10 fingers and two feet as separate units, he was able to count to 12. But then came the unknown number 13, which frightened the man.
In religious circles, the number 13 and the superstition that arose around it are associated with the Last Supper, which was attended by Christ and 12 apostles - 13 in total. Judas was the thirteenth.
The ill-fated devil's dozen - thirteen - were "unloved" by the ancient Greeks. Hesiod (VIII-VII centuries BC) in the poem “Works and Days” - a kind of instruction on agriculture- warned the peasants to start sowing on the thirteenth to avoid crop failure. In Babylonian leap year It was a leap month, which was given the sign of "the raven of misfortune."
Another oddity about the number 13 is that it was considered lucky in ancient China and Egypt.There are thirteen Buddhas in the Indian Pantheon. There are the same number of mystical disks on Chinese and Indian pagodas. In Japan, in the Temple of Artaeus, there is a sacred saber with thirteen sacramental objects forming its hilt. At the end of the 10th century, the wooden Cathedral of St. Sophia “with thirteen peaks” was built in Novgorod. In the first half of the 11th century, the temple burned down. But the unusual “thirteen-domed” structure also became widespread in stone buildings of later times. In particular, in Sofia, Kyiv. As we see, our ancestors did not share the mystical fear of the number thirteen.
13 is the favorite number of Satanists, necromancers, a sign of witchcraft temples. Friday the 13th, according to ancient beliefs, is associated with the awakening of dark forces.
True, the number 13 is extolled not only by devil worshipers. For example, the natives of Central and South America believe that 13 brings happiness.Italians share the same opinion. However, the majority of respectable citizens treat the number 13 with great caution.
So, on the thirteenth, ships are not launched, contracts are not signed, travel is not taken, and marriages are not married. The numbering of floors skips the 13th; in cinemas there is no 13th row or 13th seat... According to some estimates, Americans' losses from such “precautions” amount to $750 million for every Friday the 13th.
Who are they trying to deceive? Evil spirits who can’t count and is seriously ready to believe that after the 12th floor comes the 14th? Or do they think that if there is a 13th seat on the plane, a catastrophe will certainly happen to it, and such a tricky one that only the passenger sitting in this seat will die, and everyone else will somehow miraculously survive?
However, being born on the thirteenth does not seem to be considered unlucky anywhere, and sometimes even on the contrary, it is believed that such a person will achieve success in all matters begun on the thirteenth.
- WHAT PLACE DO FAITH AND SUPERSTITION OCCUPY IN OUR LIFE?
The answer to this question can be obtained by studying the survey results public opinion Russians.
...to eternal life |
As the data obtained indicate, in the mass consciousness of Russians, it is not faith that prevails, but rather superstitions that we inherited from the already distant pagan past.
Quite eloquently, the above data indicate that Russians believe, first of all, in omens, the evil eye, damage, prophetic dreams– up to two thirds of respondents. However, in such traditional religious values like religious miracles, life after death or immortal life A significantly smaller number of respondents believe. In order to study the attitude of people of different ages to superstitions associated with numbers, we conducted a survey among school students, parents, and neighbors. The following questions were proposed:
1) Do you believe that there are lucky and unlucky numbers? 2) Have you ever encountered mysticism regarding numbers? 3) Do numbers, dates of birth or house number influence you? 4) If so, how positive or negative?
Survey results
Question | 1 question | Question 2 | Question 3 | Question 4 |
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Before 18 | 21 % | 15 % | 15 % | 23 % |
From 18 up to 30 | 12 % | 10 % | 11 % | 13 % | 17 % |
From 30 up to 60 | 22 % | 16 % | 14 % | 25 % | 11 % | 27 % |
Over 60 |
Total |
In the question of numerical superstitions, it was discovered interesting fact: people aged 30 to 60 years, i.e. The working population is the most prone to superstitions. Young people believe in lucky and unlucky numbers because... they are young and full of hope. For residents of houses with number 13, the house number does not affect their fate in 75% of cases, but it does in 25% of cases.
We also compared the number of grades received by 8th grade students on the 7th and 13th from September 2008 to April 2009.
From the diagram it can be seen that on the 13th more students were surveyed than on the 7th, the number of marks was given on this day; but at the same time, the number of “5”, “4”, “3” on the 13th is greater than on the 7th. There is even a “2” on the 13th. From this analysis it is impossible to accurately conclude which number is luckier.
According to the Krasnokutsky Department of Internal Affairs, the number of crimes on the 7th and 13th is almost the same, and in principle does not differ from the other days of the month. Those. the commission of crimes does not depend on the date. But according to the traffic police, more accidents occur on the seventh than on the thirteenth. At the same time, traffic police officers noted that on Friday the 13th the number of incidents increases, although they attribute this to the human factor (fatigue at the end of the week).
We also analyzed the number of ambulance calls in the Krasnokutsk region and came to the conclusion: the number of calls on the 7th and 13th of each month differs slightly from other days; in January there were more calls on the 7th than on the 13th, and on February and March - vice versa. The increase in the number of calls is due to a number of reasons: seasonal diseases, weather dependence and geomagnetic dependence of some people, predisposition to cardiovascular diseases, etc.
Based on our research, it is impossible to draw clear conclusions about which number is happier. Perhaps we do not always treat events and facts objectively. Our uncertainty often masks an inability to explain a situation scientifically. I would like to note that in our days superstitions have not lost their importance. Some people still believe in them and try to explain the events taking place as the influence of this on their lives. People who believe without a doubt in superstitions can be guided in the right direction through conviction, evidence and personal example.
- CONFUSION OF FIGURES AND NUMBERS
More than once various predictors have said that the number is fatal for Russia 17: 1917 is the year of the Revolution and August 17, 1998 is the famous default. This stupidity is multifaceted and versatile. First of all, the calendar is generally a human convention, written not under the dictation of nature, but invented arbitrarily, and at different times by different peoples - in thousands of different ways. For anyone whose education goes beyond three years of parochial school, the difference between numbers and numbers is obvious. There are an infinite number of numbers, but there are only ten numbers - conventional “squiggles” for depicting numbers, if we talk about the decimal number system familiar to us. So, 1917 and 17 are different numbers, in the same sense different as the numbers 17 and 18. In the conventional notation of the first of these numbers, two digits appear, which are used to write the second. But this fact is accidental, it is connected only with our decimal number system, historically determined by the optional circumstance that a person has 10 fingers on two hands. If spiders or octopuses had arithmetic, then these animals, without a doubt, would use the octal number system rather than decimal. It would depict the year of the revolution as 3575, and the date of default as the 21st. And if you convert both numbers into the binary number system, then their entries will consist of only zeros and ones, just like the entry of any number in general. The French writer Andre Maurois has a story "Hotel Thanatos". The story is great, but there's just one detail. The hotel administrator says to the hero: “I hope you are not superstitious? Your room is 113.” Same story again. The number 113 is 13 plus one hundred. Following this, to put it mildly, strange logic, any number greater than 13 should be considered unlucky. For example, 29 is 13 + 16, 100 is 13 + 87, etc. I wonder why no one seems to consider the number 169 unlucky - it's 13 squared, after all? The answer is simple: the level of education of superstitious people is such that they have not advanced much in arithmetic beyond the addition of positive integers, and not very large ones. All numerologists (that is, people who have elevated numerical superstitions to the rank of supposed science) are very fond of a rather stupid game: some numbers are added (for example, the numbers of planets or the serial numbers of letters in a word) and this addition operation is repeated many times until You won't get a single digit number. So, this whole chain of additions is just finding the remainder when dividing the original number by 9. Neither numerologists nor their fans seem to understand this. They cannot understand such a complex mathematical operation as division.
The deep ignorance of superstitious people is also manifested in the fact that only positive integers are considered unlucky (or, conversely, happy). But already in the lower grades of school, fractions and negative numbers are taught. And a little later, in older classes - irrational and even complex numbers. But we don’t hear anyone declaring, say, unlucky, the number 2.565 - this is the natural logarithm of thirteen. For some reason no one considers the number lucky - the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, Euler's constant, Bernoulli numbers, Fibonacci numbers and many other interesting numbers. And this is quite understandable. Because in real science there is no place for such superstitions. Confusing numbers with numbers is a very common mistake, especially when it comes to number superstitions.
- "THE NUMBER OF THE DEVIL"
Now get ready: DCLXVI. Well, isn't it scary?
Then here it is: 1232. Aren’t you scared again?
But this is the famous “number of the beast” - 666, only presented first in Roman numerals, and then in the octal number system.
When at the end of the 1st century AD. e. "Revelations" (Apocalypse) were written, about a millennium remained before the introduction of the decimal number system in Europe. So writing the “number of the beast” in Roman numerals (DCLXVI) is historically more accurate than in modern Hindu-Arabic decimal notation (666). What is it natural number so bad, and who, how and in what situations can it harm? Nobody was able to explain anything intelligible to me. Meticulous researchers find the number 666 everywhere - on fasteners and buttons, on shoes, on credit cards and in bank codes. True, few undertake to reveal the secret of the number itself. To do this, you must at least be able to count.There is a hypothesis that 666 means imperfection, in contrast to the number 777, which is a threefold symbol of harmony.Another observation: if you take the squares of the first seven prime numbers(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17) and add them, you get 666 again. And since the time of Pythagoras, squaring, like the prime numbers themselves, has been considered blasphemy. The number of the beast is the number of a man. Try to count the years from 1 to 36. 1+2+3+4+… +36= 666. 36 years is the age of a person when all passions calm down and reason is gained.Let's take this situation. On a sultry afternoon, I decided to rest under the shade of a spreading oak tree. But he didn’t bother to count the number of acorns on it. What if there are exactly 666 of them - no more and no less? Is this a bad oak tree, is it risky to lie in its shade? Mom cooked me rice porridge, pouring the rice into a cup, without thinking about counting the grains. What if there are exactly 666 of them? Is it really possible to get poisoned by such porridge? Similar questions can be asked endlessly, in dozens and hundreds.
CONCLUSION
Our reluctance to delve into the mathematical side of the phenomenon of numerical superstitions, our readiness to succumb to the hypnotic power of number, betrays our mathematical illiteracy.The desire to calculate some fateful number (the end of the world, for example) was widespread in earlier times, and even now “feeds” astrology and numerology. Particular importance is attached to the secret of the birthday and the secret of the name, where each letter of the name and birthday corresponds to a certain number.
So does belief in numerical mysticism affect people's lives?
Having studied the historical literature and analyzed the data from our research, we can conclude that faith in numerical mysticism is still alive in people. On any day, both good and bad events happen, but a person always tries to connect it with something supernatural. In our age of progressive technologies and scientific and technological progress, science, in particular mathematics, is successfully developing, this gives complete confidence that there is less and less room for idealism, and, consequently, for numerical superstitions and mysticism.I believe that many events that happen in our lives, and which we associate with “good” and “bad” numbers, are simply coincidence. I came to the conclusion that neither horoscopes, nor the secrets of one’s birthday and name, nor ill-fated numbers can influence the fate, character and activities of a person who believes in his own abilities. But these and similar factors create additional emotions in a superstitious person. In one case, they add energy and strength to him, give him greater confidence in achieving his goal, bring some joy, and in the other, they suppress the will, cause a feeling of fear, apprehension, uncertainty and the futility of struggling with life’s adversities. Widespread advertising of astrological forecasts, the services of all kinds of sorcerers, sorcerers, and fortune-tellers creates fertile ground for the “cultivation” of superstitions. But we, modern youth, must be confident in ourselves and not succumb to the hypnotic tricks of numerical superstitions.
LITERATURE
- G.I.Geyser. History of mathematics in school
- Dorokhov A. “About truth and fiction”
- Ermakov I. V. “Atheistic education in teaching arithmetic”
- I.Ya Depman, N.Ya Vilenkin “Behind the pages of a mathematics textbook”
- M.I. Shakhnovich “Signs in the light of science”
- Supplement "Mathematics" to the newspaper "First of September"
- Stepanova M.G. "Number Superstitions"
- B.A. Kordemsky “To captivate schoolchildren with mathematics”
- T.A. Shchepkina T.A. "Practical Numerology"
- Materials from the Internet
Garanova Anna
This topic is relevant because numbers are very important in our world.
If there were no numbers in the world, then we would not know how old we are, what century or year we live in.
I wanted to know as much as possible about the meaning of numbers in our lives and their magical properties.
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MBOU "School school" Alekseevka, Bazarno-Karabulak district, Saratov region"
"Number Superstitions"
Completed the work: student of the 7th
Class Garanova Anna
Head: mathematics teacher
Zhidkova Galina Vladimirovna
2017 -2018 academic year
- Introduction
Goals and objectives
- Main part.
1. Theoretical information.
Numbers in a person's life.
The emergence of numerical superstitions.
Study the meaning of numbers.
2. Practical part.
Conduct a survey among students, parents and teachers and find out their opinions related to the meaning of numbers, whether they are superstitious or not.
III. Conclusion and conclusions.
IV. Bibliography.
1. Introduction
My work is called “Number Superstitions” and before I talk about it, I would like to ask you: “Do you know what superstition is? What superstitions are you familiar with?
By definition, in the dictionary of V.I. Dahl, “Superstition is a belief in something supernatural, mysterious, in omens and omens.” A very brief, and at the same time clear, definition of superstition can be found in D.I. Mendeleev. “Superstition is confidence not based on knowledge.”
Relevance of the project:
This topic is relevant because numbers are very important in our world. If there were no numbers in the world, then we would not know how old we are, what century or year we live in. I wanted to know as much as possible about the meaning of numbers in our lives and their magical properties.
Goal of the work :
Consider various magic numbers and explore the emergence of number superstitions.
Tasks:
1.Study the history of numbers.
2.Explore the meaning of numbers
3. Conduct a survey among students and parents and find out their opinion related to the meaning of numbers, whether they are superstitious or not.
Object of study:
Students of 7th, 8th, 9th grades, parents and teachers.
The subject of the study is numerical superstitions.
In my work I used the following research methods:
- study of theoretical sources
- sociological survey
- analysis of the received data
- consultations with the project manager
Hypothesis:
The older a person is, the more susceptible he is to numerical superstitions.
Number is one of the basic concepts of mathematics; it appeared in ancient times, and subsequently constantly expanded and enriched. The mystical attitude towards numbers first appeared several thousand years ago, and in the Middle Ages it spread throughout Europe. Most superstitions came to us from the depths of centuries, when our ancestors were faced with a mysterious, unknown world around them, they tried to understand and master it. The numbers in Ancient Greece. The ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras argued that “all things can be represented as numbers”, “The world is built on the power of numbers.”By this he made it clear that our world is ruled by numbers, and behind each number there is some kind of secret. He created his own school of like-minded people who believed in the magic of numbers. From the teachings of Pythagoras we can conclude that all numbers somehow affect a person’s destiny. Some of them bring him joy and happiness, while others bring him evil and failure. You just need to find out which of them are good and which are evil. These superstitions have safely survived to this day. The belief in lucky and unlucky numbers dates back to the days when counting began. People didn't have total numbers for all objects, and there were different designations for each number depending on what was being counted: one count was for stones, another for fish, for animals, etc. Only gradually did people become capable of abstracting numerical concepts from concrete things. This led to the number being attributed magical meaning, it was presented in the form of some mysterious spirit that could bring happiness or misfortune. SoThe history of superstitions goes back many millennia and it began at the first stage of the development of society.
Numerical superstitions were born almost with the emergence of people's belief in supernatural forces. What are the reasons for numerical mysticism?
Secrets of magic numbers
Zero – this is the most mysterious of numbers. It is both a symbol of emptiness, the absence of life and movement, and the integrity of the universe, its infinity and eternity. Pythagoras himself contained everything that exists in this figure. We can say that zero, as a calculation number, does not exist, but is reflected in every digit of all numbers. That is, everything stems from zero and is reduced to it in the end.
Unit - an invention of mathematicians, it is needed for counting, and the magic of numbers does not exist. In ancient texts, the word “one” is not used often and means something indivisible, integral, such as God, Cosmos, the universe. If there is some magical meaning in the Unit, then this one has washed away the one and the whole. The unit gives you the opportunity to express yourself among the rest, but also forces you to be part of the whole.
Deuce - This is a symbol of dividing the whole into parts. A symbol of man’s separation from the world, nature and other people. Number 2 is softness and tact, the desire to smooth out rough edges. It is between good and evil, heat and cold, light and darkness, wealth and poverty.
Three – the first number in the magic series of numbers. It opens a real magical account, something truly new appears with it. We divide time into three - past, present and future, we divide space into three - width, length, height. Three is the beginning, middle and end, and after that up, down and middle.
Many tribes considered three to be the most sacred number. Three seemed to close the count, it was the last number. Therefore, three was considered, denoting multitude, and was considered as a lucky number: “God loves the trinity.” This number has become the most favorite number in both myths and fairy tales. Since childhood, every child knows the fairy tale “The Three Little Pigs”, “The Three Bears”, “About Three Heroes”. The number three is one of the most “popular” in folklore. Remember: a man has three sons or a king has three daughters, three tasks fairy-tale heroes, the serpent has three heads, three heroes are sent to distant lands, to the distant kingdom.
Troika is an indispensable participant in proverbs and sayings. For example, “remember three things: pray, be patient, work,” “a good dog guards three villages,” “a good dog needs to study for three years, but a bad dog needs one morning.” People have been saying for a long time: Cry in three streams. Get lost in three pines. Bend over to death.
Spells and conspiracies to give them witchcraft power are pronounced three times, and the people put a lot of meaning into the words “thresholy” or “accursed”; “accursed” is the name of a person who is, as it were, cursed by all earthly and heavenly powers.
Number four - mystics recognized it as a symbol of strength.
Four - This is a sign of closed space and a time cycle, as well as solidity, immutability and security. In ancient times, the number four was considered a symbol of stability and strength. After all, it is represented by a square, the four sides of which mean the four cardinal directions, four seasons, four elements - Fire, Earth, Air and Water. Geometric regularity: square or rhombus; in Slavic symbolism - a symbol of the Earth. Also a very significant number, like three. In the Japanese-Chinese world, the number 4 is fatal, the number of death.
Five - This is the number of motion, the number of freedom. This is its main mystical role, meaning and significance. All peoples of the world began to count on their fingers, so it is clear why the numbers five and ten had great symbolic meaning.
The mystical meaning of the number five was especially emphasized in the pentagram - a five-pointed star. Nowadays this symbol is present on the flags and coats of arms of many states, and in the Middle Ages it was considered the imprint of the devil’s hoof, the foot of a goblin, a brownie and other evil spirits. If one of the tops of the star pointed upward, then a person was seen in it (head, legs, arms). An inverted star was considered a sign of black magic.
The number five is significant in Christianity: in Old Testament- Pentateuch; Jesus fed 4,000 people with five loaves of bread; the five wounds of Christ are repeatedly depicted in painting and sculpture.
In ancient China, the countries of the world (including the middle or center) were numbered five. It was considered especially happy and sacred.
Russian folk speech most often associates the number five with fingers - with fives: “Know your business like the back of your hand,” “Do not boast about your relatives, but boast about your fingers.” But we use this same number to designate something superfluous, unnecessary: “the fifth wheel to the cart,” “the dog’s fifth leg.”
Six - is mentioned less, but her symbolic meaning crisp and clear. It is also known that people associate the number six with evil spirits. Six is the "number of creation." God created the world in 6 days. Geometric correctness: regular, flat, convex figure - regular 6-gon. In Slavic symbolism - a symbol of the sun. Numerical correctness: six is a perfect number. Six is the number of items in tea and table sets.
Seven - mysterious number! No matter how they consider it: sacred, divine, magical, and happy. This is how the British, French, Italians, Russians treat him, and Hindus, Arabs, Turks and other peoples revere him. They were revered for many centuries BC, in the Middle Ages, and are still revered today. The number seven plays an important role in people's religions and beliefs, in art and language, in science and technology...
Belief in the miraculous abilities of the seven was not subject to any doubt. In the number seven, the ancients saw a reflection of many phenomena of the world: the week was divided into seven days; In those days, seven planets were known in the sky, and on earth there were seven wonders of the world:
Ancient Rome also idolized the number seven. The city itself is built on seven hills;
One might think that nature itself is not indifferent to this number: the number 7 is associated with the most ancient superstitions.
Seven wonders of the world, seven days of the week, seven colors of the rainbow, seven weeks of fasting, seven deadly sins. The number 7 is associated with many superstitions that persist among different nations to this day. Russian proverbs and sayings with the number 7 have meaning: “Seven nannies have a child without an eye”, “Measure seven times, cut once”, “Seven do not wait for one”, “Seven troubles, one answer”, “Seven Fridays for weeks”. In all these sayings, the number seven means “many.”
Eight - The ancients considered it the embodiment of reliability, brought to perfection. Symbolized by a double square. Divided in half, it has equal parts. If you divide it further, then the parts will also be equal (2, 2, 2, 2).
And in Ancient Babylon, as well as in Arabia, the number 8 was dedicated to the Sun, which is why they usually decorated the image of the solar disk with eight crossed arms. In Japan, the number 8 still stands for diversity and prosperity. In any belief, this number is very favorable. Number 8 - number of Fate – Universal Spiritual Law interconnectedness of cause and effect.
Nine - The ancients attributed mysterious powers to the number 9, good at some times and evil at others. The ancient Romans established this number good fame. The Mongols considered nine to be perfection. In the Japanese-Chinese world, 9 is an unlucky number; perceived as a "disease". The number 9 was considered sacred in Egypt and Ancient Greece.This number is considered the number of wisdom, a symbol of human knowledge and education, a “sacred number.” The number 9 appears in fairy tales, witchcraft, and legends. Traces of superstitions associated with the number 9 are passed down from generation to generation, and remnants of them have survived to this day. Among the Slavs, funeral services for the deceased are held on the 9th day after his death. The number 9 appears in the Zodiac for many peoples. For example, the Zodiac of the peoples of Southeast Asia consists of a series of 9 animals: rat, tiger, ox, hare, dragon, snake, monkey, dog and ram
Ten - A symbol of harmony and completeness. This number symbolized the philosopher's stone. Ten became the basis of the decimal counting system, which is used throughout the world.
The meaning of the number ten is that it continues the line outlined by the number nine. Further after it two-digit numbers begin.
Eleven - Our ancestors considered the number 11 to be a bad number. It consists of two units, enhancing their effect. It is considered mystical; even the name “eleven” is fraught with mystery, since it consists of eleven letters. The number 11 is considered a special number and is called a mystical number in many occult traditions.
Twelve - It was considered a super-perfect number, a symbol of the “philosopher’s stone”. The number 12, “the dozen,” was highly revered. 12 months a year, 12 signs of the Zodiac, 12 divisions on watch dials, sets for 12 people. The number 12 closed the light, so it was considered a symbol of completeness, wealth, and a lucky number.
Thirteen - But with the number 13 there were nothing but troubles. Superstitions associated with the number 13 turned out to be the most stable and most widespread. People in many countries (England, France, Poland, etc.) consider this number unlucky, experience panic fear of it and try to avoid it. In many countries, this figure is not on the doors of offices, hotel rooms, ship cabins, or houses.The ancient Jews denoted numbers with letters. They represented the number 13 with the letter M.M is the first letter of the word denoting death in the ancient European language, so the Jews had a belief: if 13 people gather together, it foretells death or misfortune. The number 13 is not divisible by any number other than itself, which is why they began to consider it unlucky, and later even called it the devil’s dozen. Some facts relating to the 20th century are curious. The tsarist government of pre-revolutionary Russia, when opening tram traffic in St. Petersburg, did not dare to introduce route 13 for a long time. Route 12 was followed by route 14. In London in 1930, several people signed a petition demanding that number 13 be removed from houses.
Interestingly, the number 13 did not always have a negative meaning. For example, the ancient Mayan Indians considered the number 13 sacred and associated many favorable signs and phenomena with it: 13 deities, 13 heavens, and a periodically added thirteenth month.
Thirty three - The sacred number of many spiritual traditions, including Russian (thirty-three heroes", "thirty years and three years"). A. Holguin writes:
“Some researchers find a connection between 33 letters of the alphabet and 33 vertebrae in the human spine. But it is interesting to note that our Slavic ancestors did not have superstitions associated with the number 33.
Many fables are associated with the number 40.This number, according to ancient scripture, is the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. They found justification for their conclusion in logically unrelated examples. According to the biblical story, during the global flood it rained for 40 days. According to legend, the Jews wandered in the desert for 40 years. 40 days passed between the fabulous resurrection of Christ and his ascension to heaven.
Sixty - In many Babylonian, Persian and greek legends 60 was synonymous with the largest. The Babylonians considered this number to be “God’s.”
One thousand and one - this number was considered mystical. It is obtained by sequentially multiplying three prime numbers: 7, 11 and 13. And if you multiply any three-digit number by it, the result will consist of the multiplied number written twice.
Six hundred sixty six.The number 666 is the number of the beast. In different countries, Christians used this number to designate rulers and public figures who were undesirable to the church, passing them off as antichrists. Friedrich Engels provided evidence that the number 666 in the Bible encrypts the name of the Roman Emperor Nero (“Nero Caesar”), known for his persecution of Christians.
The number 666 is considered bestial. In one of the biblical books, the name of the monster, the Antichrist, who “blasphemed God and faith,” was encrypted in the form of the number 666. This number was called animal
Practical part
Do you believe in omens related to numbers?
In order to study the attitude of people of different ages to superstitions associated with numbers, I conducted a survey among school students, parents, and teachers.
The following were interviewed: 40 students, 10 teachers, 28 parents.
Questions | Students | Teachers | Parents |
Do you believe in any signs associated with the number? | Yes – 50% No – 50% | Yes – 60% No – 40% | Yes – 40% No – 60% |
Do you believe in a lucky ticket? | Yes – 40% No – 60% | Yes – 20% No - 80% | Yes – 32% No – 68% |
Do you think the number 13 is an unlucky number? | Yes – 20% No – 80% | Yes – 10% No – 90% | Yes – 0% No – 100% |
Do you think 7 is a lucky number? | Yes – 20% No – 80% | Yes -60% No - 40% | Yes – 16% No - 84% |
Have any positive or negative experiences related to the number 13 happened to you? | Yes – 40% No – 60% | Yes – 20% No – 80% | Yes – 24% No – 76% |
Are you afraid of Friday the 13th? | Yes – 7.5% No – 92.5% | Yes – 20% No – 80% | Yes – 48% No – 52% |
Would you live in house number 13 or in apartment 13? | Yes – 82.5% No – 17.5% | Yes – 30% No – 70% | Yes – 48% No – 52% |
Will you be celebrating (or have you already celebrated) your 40th birthday? | Yes – 70% No - 30% | Yes – 44% No – 56% |
III. Conclusion and conclusions.
Based on the survey results and table data, I can draw the following conclusions. Half of the students surveyed do not believe in superstitions related to numbers. Most of them do not believe in a lucky ticket, they do not consider the number 13 to be unlucky, and the number 7 to be lucky. They are not afraid of Friday the 13th. No positive or negative events related to the number 13 have happened to them, and more than 83% of respondents would like to live in house No. 13. This suggests that children are not superstitious. Our teachers and parents turned out to be not superstitious. They believe in signs associated with the number, although they are not afraid of Friday - the 13th. But 70% of the teachers surveyed would not want to live in house No. 13 or in the 13th apartment, and also 70% of the teachers celebrated or will celebrate their 40th birthday, Also. So are the parents. My hypothesis was not confirmed. It cannot be said that the older a person is, the more susceptible he is to numerical superstitions.
IV. Bibliography.
1. P.A. Trevogin. Numerical superstitions (article), 2000.
2. O. A. Shestikhin. The magic number seven (article), 2002.
3. I.Ya. Depman, N.Ya. Vilenkin. Behind the pages of a mathematics textbook.
Enlightenment, 1989.
4. M.G.Stepanova. Numerical superstitions. Samara, 1987.
5. M.I.Shakhnovich. Signs in the light of science. Science, 1989.
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Work of 7th grade student Anna Garanova Supervisor: Zhidkova Galina Vladimirovna NUMERIC SUPERSTITIONS
OBJECTIVE Consider various magic numbers Investigate the emergence of number superstitions
tasks Explore the meaning of numbers Conduct a survey among students, teachers and parents
HYPOTHESIS The older a person is, the more susceptible he is to number superstitions
Belief in the magical properties of numbers dates back to the times when counting arose. For many tribes, “count” meant “to cast the evil eye,” “to bewitch.”
IT IS BOTH A SYMBOL OF THE EMPTINITY AND THE INTEGRITY OF THE UNIVERSE. 0
INDIVIDUAL, WHOLE, SUCH AS GOD, SPACE, UNIVERSE 1
SYMBOL OF DIVISION OF THE WHOLE INTO PARTS, SEPARATION OF MAN FROM THE WORLD, NATURE AND OTHER PEOPLE 2
THE FIRST NUMBER IN THE MAGICAL SERIES OF NUMBERS, SPELLS AND CONSPIRACIES TO GIVE THEM WITCHIC POWER ARE CAUGHT THREE TIMES 3
Sign of closed space and time cycle. Symbol of strength, stability and strength 4
Number of motion, number of freedom. The mystical meaning of the number was emphasized in the five-pointed star. 5
The number five is significant in Christianity: Jesus fed 4,000 people with five loaves of bread; the five wounds of Christ are repeatedly depicted in painting and sculpture
People associate it with evil spirits. "The number of creation." God created the world in 6 days. In Slavic symbolism - the symbol of the sun 6
Mysterious number! Sacred, divine and happy. Plays an important role in people's religions and beliefs. 7
"The River Styx, which surrounded underground kingdom, flows around hell 7 times, divided into 7 regions." “There are 7 known deadly sins” “a week is divided into 7 days” “There are 7 wonders of the world on earth”
Symbol of love. Inverted, it represents the sign of infinity, which symbolizes two worlds - material and spiritual. According to Pythagoras, “8” is a symbol of harmony, the sacred number 8
The veneration of numbers was characteristic of many peoples and appears in the Zodiac. Among the Slavs, funeral services for the deceased are held on the 9th day after his death 9
Symbol of harmony and completeness 10
Our ancestors considered 11 to be a bad number. It consists of two units, enhancing their effect 11
It is considered a super-perfect number, a symbol of the “philosopher’s stone”, a symbol of completeness, wealth, and the lucky number 12
13 Jesus Christ was the 13th participant in the Last Supper along with the 12 apostles.
13 is especially unlucky if it falls on Friday, the day of Christ's crucifixion. In addition, in Christianity 13 is a symbol of betrayal
The name of Jesus Christ itself is written in 13 letters. The Bible lists 13 important qualities of God. Among the Mayans, 13 was considered a sacred number
A sacred number of many spiritual traditions. Our Slavic ancestors had no superstitions associated with the number 33 33
According to the biblical story, during the global flood it rained for 40 days. According to legend, the Jews wandered in the desert for 40 years. 40 days passed between the fabulous resurrection of Christ and his ascension to heaven. 40
In many Babylonian, Persian and Greek legends, 60 was synonymous with the largest. It was considered divine. 60
Number of the beast. In different countries, Christians used this number to designate rulers undesirable to the church 666
It is known that during the life of Peter I they looked at him as the Antichrist, whose number is 666. The hero of L. N. Tolstoy’s novel Pierre Bezukhov (“War and Peace”), calculating the numerical value of Napoleon’s name by the meaning of the letters, came to the conclusion that he and is the beast that is written about in the Bible, and therefore he, Pierre Bezukhov, must kill Napoleon.
Questions Students Teachers Parents Do you believe in any signs connected with numbers? Yes – 50% No – 50% Yes – 60% No – 40% Yes – 40% No – 60% Do you believe in a lucky ticket? Yes – 40% No – 60% Yes – 20% No – 80% Yes – 32% No – 68% Do you consider 13 unlucky? Yes – 20% No – 80% Yes – 10% No – 90% Yes – 0% No – 100% Do you consider 7 lucky? Yes – 20% No – 80% Yes – 60% No – 40% Yes – 16% No – 84% Have cases related to 13 happened to you? Yes – 40% No – 60% Yes – 20% No – 80% Yes – 24% No – 76% Are you afraid of Friday the 13th? Yes – 7.5% No – 92.5% Yes – 20% No – 80% Yes – 48% No – 52% Would you live in house No. 13? Yes – 82.5% No – 17.5% Yes – 30% No – 70% Yes – 48% No – 52%
Conclusion: I would like to end my speech with the words of the French writer Tristan Bernard, who wisely joked: “Don’t be superstitious, it brings bad luck. Any number can be lucky. Let’s just believe in it!”