The Flood and Noah's Ark, in the Bible - briefly. Myth of the Flood Myth of the Flood brief
Official historical science practically does not take into account the overwhelming majority of legends and traditions, labeling them as “myth” and equating it with the inventions and flights of fancy of ancient peoples.
Of course, one can declare myths about cataclysms to be a consequence of the difficult living conditions of people, who were extremely dependent on the vagaries of nature and local natural disasters. However, “it is much more difficult to explain the specific but distinct imprint of intelligence in cataclysmic myths. The reliability of mythological data turns out to be at a very high level when verified on the basis of objective analysis. Myths appear before us not as the fantasies of some ancient authors or folk tales, but acquire the status of a unique description of events and phenomena that took place in reality.
The author himself has been convinced more than once that modern science is for the most part pseudoscience that distorts the real picture of the world.
One of these myths, known to everyone, is the myth of the great, “Universal Flood”. We somehow learn about this event from the Old Testament, which describes the creation of the world and the destruction at the end of humanity mired in sins, but did you know that there are 500 legends in the world describing the global flood?
Dr. Richard Andre, at one time, examined 86 of them (20 Asian, 3 European, 7 African, 46 American and 10 Australian), and came to the conclusion that 62 are completely independent of Mesopotamian, (the most ancient) and Hebrew (the most popular) options
The displacement of the Earth's core is confirmed by numerous myths and legends of various peoples, and in all sources the same characteristic feature appears - this cataclysm was accompanied by an underground rumble and the rapid disappearance of the Sun beyond the horizon. A myth recorded on the islands of Micronesia says that the catastrophe was preceded by a sudden darkness (when the planet's axis shifted, the Sun went below the horizon). Then the flood began.
The Earth itself testifies to the reality of the Flood.
This book also included a number of legends that spoke about the consequences of how “people rebelled against the gods, and the system of the universe fell into disarray”: “The planets changed their path. The sky moved to the north. The Sun, Moon and stars began to move in new. The earth fell apart, water gushed from its depths and flooded the earth."
The Jesuit missionary Martinius, who lived for many years in China and studied ancient Chinese chronicles, wrote the book “History of China”, which talks about the displacement of the Earth’s axis and the flood as a consequence of this cataclysm:
The support of the sky collapsed. The earth was shaken to its very foundation. The sky began to fall to the north. The sun, moon and stars changed their path. The entire system of the Universe has fallen into disarray. The sun was eclipsed and the planets changed their paths. The Karelian-Finnish epic “Kalevala” tells: terrible shadows covered the Earth, and the sun sometimes left its usual path. The Icelandic Voluspa contains the following lines:
She (the Earth) did not know where her home should be, the Moon did not know what her home was, the Stars did not know where to stand. Then the gods restore order among the celestial bodies.
In the jungles of Malaysia, the Chewong people seriously believe that from time to time their world, which they call Earth-Seven, is turned upside down, so that everything sinks and collapses. However, with the assistance of the creator god Tohan, new mountains, valleys and plains appear on the plane that was previously on the lower side of Earth-Seven. New trees grow, new people are born. That is, the world is completely renewed.
Flood myths from Laos and northern Thailand say that many centuries ago the ten beings lived in the upper kingdom, and the rulers of the lower world were three great men: Pu Len Xiong, Hun Kan and Hun Ket. One day, the Tens declared that before eating anything, people should share their food with them as a sign of respect. The people refused, and the thens, enraged, caused a flood that devastated the Earth. Three great men built a raft with a house, where they put a number of women and children. In this way they and their descendants managed to survive the flood.
A similar legend about a flood from which two brothers escaped on a raft exists among the Karen in Burma. Such a flood is part of Vietnamese mythology; there the brother and sister escaped in a large wooden chest, along with pairs of animals of all breeds. This story could, after some time, acquire non-existent facts, such as the salvation of all animals.
Australia and Oceania
A number of Australian Aboriginal tribes, especially those traditionally found along the northern tropical coast, believe that they originated from a great flood that swept away the pre-existing landscape along with its inhabitants.
According to the origin myths of a number of other tribes, responsibility for the flood lies with the cosmic serpent Yurlungur, whose symbol is a rainbow.
There are Japanese legends according to which the islands of Oceania appeared after the waves of the great flood receded. In Oceania itself, a Native Hawaiian myth tells how the world was destroyed by a flood and then recreated by the god Tangaloa.
Samoans believe in a flood that once wiped out all of humanity. Only two people survived it, sailing out to sea on a boat, which then landed in the Samoan archipelago.
Egypt
Ancient Egyptian legends also mention a great flood. For example, a funerary text discovered in the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I speaks of the destruction of sinful humanity by a flood.
From space you can clearly see these same traces of water retreating into the Red Sea.
Cairo, Egypt, traces of powerful streams
The specific causes of this catastrophe are stated in Chapter 175 of the Book of the Dead, which attributes the following speech to the moon god Thoth:
“They fought, they were mired in strife, they caused evil, they stirred up enmity, they committed murder, they created grief and oppression... [That is why] I am going to wash away everything that I have done. The earth must be washed in the watery depths with the fury of the flood and become pure again, as in primitive times."
India
A similar figure was revered in Vedic India more than 3,000 years ago. One day, the legend says, “a certain sage named Manu was taking a bath and found a small fish in his palm, which asked for its life. Taking pity on it, he put the fish into a jug. However, the next day it grew so big that he had to take it away. it into the lake. Soon the lake also turned out to be too small. “Throw me into the sea,” said the fish, who was in fact the incarnation of the god Vishnu, “it will be more convenient for me.”
Vishnu then warned Manu about the coming flood. He sent him a large ship and ordered him to load a pair of all living creatures and the seeds of all plants into it, and then sit there himself.”
Before Manu had time to carry out these orders, the ocean rose and flooded everything; nothing was visible except the god Vishnu in his fish form, only now it was a huge one-horned creature with golden scales. Manu drove his ark to the horn of the fish, and Vishnu towed it across the boiling sea until it stopped at the peak of the “Mountain of the North” sticking out of the water.
"The fish said, 'I saved you. Tie the ship to a tree so that the water does not carry it away while you are on the mountain. As the water subsides, you can go down." And Manu went down with the waters. The flood washed away all creatures, and Manu was left alone."
With him, as well as with the animals and plants that he saved from death, a new era began. A year later, a woman emerged from the water, declaring herself the “daughter of Manu.” They married and produced children, becoming the progenitors of existing humanity.
India
India suffered greatly during the flood; it was all flooded. The wave leaves behind huge piles of sand, stones and clay. This entire mixture is evenly distributed throughout the entire territory. It is usually a grayish-beige or dark coating. If there are mountains, then this plaque is located between the mountains and then looks like frozen streams. In such deposits, archaeologists always dig up ancient objects, animals, people, etc. For example, clay Sumerian tablets. The first written monuments were discovered among the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk (biblical Erech). In 1877, an employee of the French consulate in Baghdad, Ernest de Sarjac, did not make a discovery that became a historical milestone in the study of Sumerian civilization. In the area of Tello, at the foot of a high hill, he found a figurine made in an unknown style. Monsieur de Sarjac organized excavations there, and sculptures, figurines and clay tablets, decorated with previously unseen ornaments, began to emerge from the ground. During excavations, tens of thousands of tablets were found in the archives of Sumerian cities. How could an entire library consisting of clay tablets end up under a layer of earth?
North America
Among the Inuit of Alaska there was a legend about a terrible flood, accompanied by an earthquake, which swept so quickly across the face of the Earth that only a few managed to escape in their canoes or hide on the tops of the highest mountains, petrified with horror.
Alaska
The Eskimos, living along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Cape Barrow in the west to Cape Bathers in the east, as well as in Greenland, tell of several floods that periodically destroyed almost the entire population. One of the floods was the result of a hurricane wind, which drove sea waters onto the land and turned it into a desert. The few survivors then escaped on rafts and boats. Another flood was caused by a terrible earthquake. Another flood was caused by a huge tidal wave:
A long time ago, the ocean suddenly began to rise higher and higher until it flooded the entire earth. Even the mountain peaks disappeared under water, and the ice floes beneath them rushed downstream. When the flood stopped, the blocks of ice gathered together and formed the ice caps that still cover the mountain peaks. Fish, shellfish, seals and whales were left lying on the dry ground, where their shells and bones can still be seen.
The entire northern coast of Alaska, Canada and Siberia is completely covered with lakes and swamps, and most of the territory is the so-called “Permafrost”. Kilometer-long accumulations of bones of extinct animals discovered in Alaska - mammoths , mastodons, super bison and horses. These animals disappeared at the end ice age . Here, in this mass, the remains of existing species were discovered - many millions of animals with broken and severed limbs, mixed with trees uprooted.
The Louisens of lower California have a legend about a flood that drowned the mountains and destroyed most of humanity. Only a few escaped by escaping to the highest peaks, which did not disappear, like everything around them, under water. Further north, similar myths were recorded among the Hurons.
An Algonquin mountain legend tells how the Great Hare Michabo restored the world after the flood with the help of a raven, an otter and a muskrat.
In Lind's History of the Dakota Indians, the most authoritative work of the 19th century, which preserved many native legends, the Iroquois myth is set out about how “the sea and waters once swept over the land, destroying all human life.”
The Chickasaw Indians claimed that the world was destroyed by the waters, “but one family and a couple of animals of each species were saved.” The Sioux also spoke of a time when there was no dry land left and all the people disappeared.
Easter Island
Woke, the formidable god and ancestor of the Easter people, belongs to the same series of culprits of the flood. According to them, “the land of Easter Island was once much larger, but since its inhabitants committed crimes, Walke shook the earth and broke it, (lifting it) with a stick.”
The most famous Easter statues are the moai. There are hundreds of them, and they are scattered throughout the island. The weight of the statues is mostly 10-20 tons, but there are also giants that reach 80-90 tons. The height of the statues ranges from 3 to 21 meters. Many of the statues are not finished. The overall picture gives the impression of a sudden cessation of work, either by the will of their creators, or due to some kind of cataclysm. The second version is supported by one of the local legends, which says that a huge flood occurred, “lightning fell from the sky and from within the earth, “big water” came, and nothing was visible around.” The version of the cataclysm is also consistent with the fact that the vast majority of the statues were toppled over or partially covered by loose layers of soil. Those that stand at full height near the coast were restored quite recently - in the second half of the twentieth century.
On land, sedimentary rocks are unusually thick. Such heterogeneity is as inexplicable as the formation of fossils. But both of these phenomena can be explained by catastrophic events in the past. (Earth in upheaval)
Siberia, Altai and Alaska
Many years have passed, and missionaries discover that the Altai people have their own version of the legend about the global flood. In it, a ship built by a man named Nama moored at two mountains, standing close to one another, Chomgoda and Tulutty. But the story became so popular that residents of different places began to dispute the location of the ark. In the south they claimed that a fragment of the ark lay on a mountain near the mouth of the Chemal River; the northern Altai saw huge nails from the ark on the snowy peak of Ulu-Tag - the Great Mountain. Tunguska explosion why they are dug out of the ground.
Flood in South America:
Several versions of flood legends circulated among the ancient Peruvians. Ethnographers said: “When the Tiaguanaco complex was discovered by Europeans, local residents could only tell fantastic legends about its creators. One of them said that the gods, angry with the ancient builders, sent plague, famine and a terrible earthquake, which destroyed the creators of Tiaguanaco, and their main city disappeared in the waters of Titi-caca.” Let me remind you that Titi-kaka is the largest high-altitude salt lake in the world.
Mountain peaks protrude from mudflow deposits
When water mixed with soil, rocks and other debris flows into the ocean, it leaves behind a thick layer of earth.
Such traces of the flood are found everywhere, they are in Europe, North and South America, Africa, India, China, Japan and many other places in the world.
In Ecuador, the Canary Indian tribe has an ancient story about a flood from which two brothers escaped by climbing a high mountain. As the water rose, the mountain also grew, so the brothers managed to survive the disaster.
Peru is especially rich in flood legends. A typical story tells of an Indian who was warned about a flood by a lama. The man and the lama fled together to the high mountain of Vilka-Koto: “When they reached the top of the mountain, they saw that all kinds of birds and animals were already fleeing there. The sea began to rise and covered all the plains and mountains, with the exception of the peak of Vilka-Koto; but even and the waves rushed in there, so that the animals had to huddle together on the “patch”... Five days later, the water subsided, and the sea returned to its shores. But all the people, except one, had already drowned, and it was from him that everyone went. peoples of the earth."
In pre-Columbian Chile, the Araucanians preserved a legend that once there was a flood from which only a few escaped...
Did the Great Flood really happen? This question has haunted the minds of all mankind for many centuries. Is it really true that the entire population was destroyed by the will of God from the face of the Earth in an instant in such a barbaric way? But what about the love and mercy that all world religions attribute to the Creator?
Scientists around the world are still trying to find reliable facts and a scientific explanation for the global flood. The theme of the Flood appears in literary works, and in the paintings of famous artists, the biblical apocalypse reflects the full power of the natural elements. In the famous painting by Aivazovsky, the deadly cataclysm is depicted so vividly and realistically that it seems that the great painter personally witnessed it. Everyone knows the famous fresco by Michelangelo depicting representatives of the human race a step before their death.
Aivazovsky's painting "The Flood"
"The Flood" by Michelangelo Buonarroti
The theme of the Flood was brought to life on screen by American film director Darren Aronofsky in the film Noah. He presented to the audience his vision of a famous biblical story. The film caused a lot of controversy and conflicting reviews, but did not leave anyone indifferent. The director was accused of discrepancies between the script and the generally accepted outline of the development of events in the biblical account, of protractedness and heaviness of perception. However, the author initially did not claim originality. The fact remains: the film was watched by almost 4 million viewers, and the box office grossed more than 1 billion rubles.
What does the Bible say?
Every person knows at least by hearsay about the history of the Great Flood. Let's take a brief excursion into history.
God could no longer tolerate the unbelief, debauchery and lawlessness that people had committed on earth, and decided to punish sinners. The Great Flood was intended to end the existence of people by death in the depths of the sea. Only Noah and his loved ones at that time deserved the mercy of the Creator by leading a pious life.
According to God's instructions, Noah had to build an ark that could withstand a long voyage. The vessel had to meet certain dimensions and it had to be equipped with the necessary equipment. The construction period for the ark was also agreed upon – 120 years. It is worth noting that life expectancy at that time was calculated in centuries, and at the time of completion of the work, Noah’s age was 600 years.
Further, Noah was ordered to enter the ark along with his entire family. In addition, in the holds of the ship they placed a pair of unclean animals from each species (those that were not eaten for religious or other prejudices, and were not used for sacrifices), and seven pairs of clean animals existing on earth. The doors of the ark closed, and the hour of reckoning for sins came for all mankind.
It was as if the heavens opened up, and water poured onto the earth in an endless powerful stream, leaving no chance of survival. The disaster raged for 40 days. Even mountain ranges were hidden under the water column. Only the passengers of the ark remained alive on the surface of the endless ocean. After 150 days, the water subsided and the ship landed at Mount Ararat. After 40 days, Noah released a raven in search of dry land, but numerous attempts were unsuccessful. Only the dove managed to find the ground, after which people and animals found ground under their feet.
Noah performed the ritual of sacrifice, and God made a promise that the flood would not happen again, and the human race would continue to exist. Thus began a new round in the history of mankind. According to God's plan, it was with the righteous person in the person of Noah and his descendants that the foundation of a new healthy society was laid.
For the common man, this story is full of contradictions and raises a lot of questions: from the purely practical “how could such a colossus be built with the help of one family” to the moral and ethical “was this mass murder really so deserved.”
There are many questions... Let's try to find the answers.
Mention of the Flood in world mythology
In an attempt to find the truth, let's turn to myths from other sources. After all, if we take it as an axiom that the death of people was massive, then not only Christians, but also other nationalities suffered.
Most of us perceive myths as fairy tales, but then who is the author? And the event itself is quite realistic: in the modern world, we are increasingly seeing deadly tornadoes, floods and earthquakes in all corners of the world. Human casualties from natural disasters number in the hundreds, and sometimes they occur in places where they should not exist at all.
Sumerian mythology
Archaeologists working on the excavations of ancient Nippur discovered a manuscript that says that in the presence of all the gods, on the initiative of Lord Enlil (one of the three dominant gods), a decision was made to arrange a great flood. The role of Noah was played by a character named Ziusudra. The storm raged for a whole week, and after that Ziusudra left the ark, made a sacrifice to the gods and gained immortality.
“Based on the same list (approx. Nippur royal list), we can conclude that the global flood occurred 12 thousand years BC. e."
(Wikipedia)
There are other versions of the occurrence of the great flood, but they all have one significant difference with the biblical interpretation. Sumerian sources consider the cause of the disaster to be the whim of the gods. A kind of whim to emphasize your power and might. In the Bible, the emphasis is on the cause-and-effect relationship of living in sin and unwillingness to change it.
“The Bible's account of the Flood contains hidden power that can influence the consciousness of all mankind. There is no doubt that when recording the story of the Flood, this was precisely the goal: to teach people moral behavior. No other description of the Flood that we find in sources outside the Bible is in this regard completely similar to the story given in it.”
- A. Jeremias (Wikipedia)
Despite the various prerequisites for a global flood, there are mentions of it in the ancient Sumerian manuscripts.
Greek mythology
According to ancient Greek historians, there were three floods. One of them, the Deucalion Flood, partially echoes the biblical story. The same saving ark for the righteous Deucalion (also the son of Prometheus) and the pier at Mount Parnassus.
However, according to the plot, some people managed to escape the flood at the top of Parnassus and continue their existence.
Hindu mythology
Here we are faced with perhaps the most fabulous interpretation of the flood. According to legend, the ancestor Vaivasvata caught a fish into which the god Vishnu incarnated. The fish promised Vaivasvat salvation from the upcoming flood in exchange for a promise to help her grow. Then everything follows the biblical scenario: at the direction of a fish that has grown to enormous sizes, the righteous man builds a ship, stocks up with plant seeds and sets off on a journey led by the savior fish. A stop at the mountain and a sacrifice to the gods is the finale of the story.
In ancient manuscripts and other peoples there are references to a great flood that revolutionized human consciousness. Isn't it true that such coincidences cannot be accidental?
The Flood from the point of view of scientists
Such is human nature that we certainly need strong evidence that something actually exists. And in the case of a global flood that hit the earth thousands of years ago, there can be no talk of any direct witnesses.
It remains to turn to the opinion of skeptics and take into account numerous studies of the nature of such a large-scale flood. Needless to say, there are very different opinions and hypotheses on this issue: from the most ridiculous fantasies to scientifically based theories.
How many Icari had to crash before a person learned that he would never rise into the sky? However, it happened! So it is with the flood. The question of where on earth such an amount of water could come from today has a scientific explanation, because it is possible.
There are many hypotheses. This is the fall of a giant meteorite, and a large-scale volcanic eruption, resulting in a tsunami of unprecedented force. Versions have been put forward about a super-powerful methane explosion in the depths of one of the oceans. Be that as it may, the Flood is a historical fact that is beyond doubt. There is too much evidence based on archaeological research. Scientists can only agree on the physical nature of this cataclysm.
Torrential rains that last for months have happened more than once in history. However, nothing terrible happened, humanity did not die, and the world’s oceans did not overflow their shores. This means that the truth must be sought elsewhere. Modern scientific groups, which include climatologists, meteorologists and geophysicists, are working together to find an answer to this question. And very successfully!
We will not bore our readers with scientific formulations that are complicated for an ignorant person. In simple terms, one of the popular theories of the origin of the Flood looks like this: due to critical heating of the earth's interior under the influence of an external factor, the earth's crust split. This crack was not local; in a matter of hours, with the help of internal pressure, the split crossed the entire globe. The contents of the underground depths, most of which were groundwater, instantly burst into freedom.
Scientists even managed to calculate the power of the emission, which is more than 10,000 (!) times higher than the worst large-scale volcanic eruption that befell humanity. Twenty kilometers - this is exactly the height the column of water and stones rose to. The subsequent irreversible processes provoked heavy rainfall. Scientists focus specifically on groundwater, because... There are many facts confirming the existence of underground water reservoirs, several times larger in volume than the world's oceans.
At the same time, researchers of natural anomalies admit that it is not always possible to find a scientific explanation for the mechanism of occurrence of the disaster. The Earth is a living organism with enormous energy, and only God knows in what direction this force can be directed.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to offer the reader the point of view of some clergy on the Flood.
Noah builds the ark. Not secretly, not under the cover of night, but in broad daylight, on a hill and as much as 120 years! People had enough time to repent and change their lives - God gave them this chance. But even when the endless line of animals and birds headed towards the ark, they perceived everything as a fascinating performance, not realizing that even the animals at that time were more pious than people. Intelligent beings did not make a single attempt to save their lives and souls.
Not much has changed since then... We still only need spectacles - performances when the soul does not need to work, and thoughts are shrouded in cotton candy. If each of us is asked a question about the degree of our own morality, will we be able to sincerely answer at least to ourselves that we are capable of becoming the saviors of a new humanity in the role of Noah?
During the wonderful school years of the 70s and 80s of the last century, teachers cultivated the ability to develop their point of view with a simple question: “And if everyone jumps into the well, will you jump too?” The most popular answer was: “Of course! Why should I stay alone?” The whole class laughed happily. We were ready to fall into the abyss just to be together there. Then someone added the phrase: “But you will never have to do homework again!”, and a massive leap into the abyss became completely justified.
Sin is a temptation that is contagious. Once you give in to it, it is almost impossible to stop. It's like an infection, like a weapon of mass destruction. It has become fashionable to be immoral. Nature knows no other antidote to the feeling of impunity than to show humanity its power - is this not the reason for the increasing frequency of natural disasters of destructive force? Perhaps this is a prelude to a new Flood?
Of course, we will not comb all of humanity with the same brush. There are a lot of good, decent and honest people among us. But nature (or God?) so far only locally gives us an understanding of what it is capable of...
Keyword "Bye".
A. Sklyarov
"The Flood Myth: Calculations and Reality"
1. What is behind the myths...
In the development of life on Earth, the history of mankind constitutes only a brief moment. However, this “moment” is of particular interest to us, as representatives of this very humanity.
Modern historical science in its research is mainly limited to only that period of time for which more or less reliable written sources have been preserved, and calls the previous period condescendingly and disparagingly “prehistoric”. But the history of human civilization began much earlier than the advent of writing, as evidenced by numerous archaeological data. However, archeology itself often provides only fragmentary and indirect material, which does not allow us to put together a single and holistic picture comparable to what the history of the “written” period provides.
At the same time, there is a powerful layer of cultural heritage in the form of myths and oral traditions, in which the events described date back to times much earlier than the invention of writing. Unfortunately, one of the characteristic features of these sources is their saturation with both almost mystical events and characters whose magical and supernatural abilities clearly do not fit into the modern scientific picture of the world. Therefore, official historical science practically does not take into account the overwhelming majority of legends and tales, labeling them as “myth” and equating it with the inventions and flights of fancy of ancient peoples. But is the oral heritage of the ancients really so far from the reality of the past?..
Over the last century, many discoveries have been made, the impetus for which was the information contained in mythology. Among them, the most famous is the discovery of the legendary Troy by Schliemann, who, rejecting the opinion of official historians, decided to read Homer in the literal sense, and not as an exciting book in the “fantasy” style.
Since that time, many recognized researchers have used data from myths as the initial source of their research, but, being constrained by the framework of the “only true” approach of official historical science, when describing their discoveries they either completely “forgot” about the source of information, or, at best, only mentioned it in passing. Perhaps only the “dilettante of history and archeology” Schliemann, who discovered the real Troy, was not afraid to refer to mythology as a source of reliable data.
This raises the question: can we change our approach to the oral heritage of the past and move from “reading bedtime stories” to deciphering ancient stories in search of reliable data?
2. Flood in oral traditions
A serious argument in favor of changing the approach to mythology can be the fact that with all the diversity of myths in different regions and among different peoples, their obvious similarities are revealed between them. In particular, “...all of our early civilizations retained vivid memories of the grandiose cataclysms that their predecessors experienced” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
One can, of course, declare myths about cataclysms to be a consequence of the difficult living conditions of prehistoric people, who were extremely dependent on the vagaries of nature and local natural disasters (as, in fact, is what official historical science does). However “It is much more difficult to explain the specific but distinguishable imprint of intelligence in myths about cataclysms. Often the degree of convergence between ancient tales is strong enough to raise suspicions that they were all “written” by the same “author”” (ibid.).
This problem was faced not by historians, but by researchers of mythology (as a kind of folklore), when they discovered significant similarities in myths about the Flood among different peoples.
“In almost all cultures of the world there are strikingly similar legends about the Ecumenical Flood - more than five hundred of them. All these legends have the same plot: humanity perishes from the Flood, only one man and his family are saved. In Western countries this man is known under the name Noah, the Aztecs call it Nene, in the Middle East it is called “Atrahasis”, Utnapishtim or Ziusudra. As for the life-saving device, in the Bible it is called “ark”, that is, a ship in Mesopotamian legends is an underwater vessel, and in legends. Aztecs are talking about a hollowed out log" (A. Alford, "Gods of the New Millennium").
In particular : "...the Mesopotamian flood myth has many similarities with the famous biblical story of Noah and the flood. ...with all the variety of legend options, the main thing is always passed on to posterity, namely: there was a global catastrophe that almost completely destroyed humanity" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
In India "...scientists have discovered versions of the Great Flood! Manu is the Dravidian Noah, and a certain jhasha fish helped him escape from death (in which the creator of the world Brahma was incarnated, and according to other versions - the keeper of the world Vishnu). "Shatapatha Brahmana", containing this story , is also older than the Bible! The Mahabharata also speaks about the Flood" (V. Batsalev, A. Varakin, "Secrets of Archeology").
According to Indian mythology
And in the Greek version "... people were destroyed by Zeus, the king of the gods.... The vengeful deity took advantage of a general flood to cleanse the Earth... All of humanity perished in this flood, with the exception of a few people who fled to the highest mountains" (ibid.).
"The flood myths of Laos and northern Thailand say that many centuries ago, the ten creatures lived in the upper kingdom... One day the tens declared that before eating anything, people should share with them as a sign of respect with their food. The people refused, and the Tens, in their rage, caused a flood that devastated the land" (ibid.)
“There are Japanese legends according to which the islands of Oceania appeared after the world was destroyed by a flood and then recreated by the god Tangaloa. Samoans believe in a flood that once wiped out all humanity from the face of the Earth” (ibid.).
In Mexican mythology "destruction came in the form of torrential rain and floods. The mountains disappeared and people turned into fish..." (ibid.).
“...in Ecuador, the Canary Indian tribe keeps an ancient story about a flood from which two brothers escaped by climbing a high mountain” (ibid.).
“In the province of Ancasmarca, which is five leagues from Cuzco, the Indians told the following fable. A month before the flood, their sheep (llamas) were spinning, they ate nothing during the day, and watched the stars at night. In the end, the shepherd asked what was bothering them, and they answered that the position of the stars predicted the destruction of the world by water. Hearing this, the shepherd consulted with his six children, and together they decided to collect as much food and sheep as possible and climb to the top of a very high mountain called Ancasmarca. As the water level rose, the mountain became higher and higher, and therefore the flood was never able to cover it completely, and when the water subsided, the mountain also decreased. Thus, the six children of that shepherd repopulated the area..." (Cristobal de Molina) .
“In pre-Columbian Chile, the Araucanians preserved a legend that once there was a flood from which only a few Indians escaped. They fled to a high mountain called Tegteg, which means “thundering” or “sparkling”, which had three peaks and was capable of floating in the water" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
“In the extreme south of the continent, the legend of the Yamana people from Tierra del Fuego tells: “The flood was caused by the woman Moon. It was a time of great upsurge... The moon was full of hatred towards human beings... At that time everyone drowned, except for those few who managed to escape to the five mountain peaks that the water did not cover"" (ibid.).
"The Louisens from lower California have a legend about a flood that drowned the mountains and destroyed most of humanity. Only a few escaped by escaping to the highest peaks, which did not disappear, like everything around them, under water. ...Further to the north, the same myths were recorded among the Hurons. The legend of the mountaineers from the Algonquin family tells how the Great Hare Michabo restored the world after the flood..." (ibid.).
“In Linda’s “History of the Dakota Indians”... the Iroquois myth is set out about how “the sea and waters once surged onto the earth, destroying all human life.” The Chickasaw Indians claimed that the world was destroyed by the waters, “but one family was saved and a pair of animals of each species." The Sioux also spoke of a time when there was no dry land left and all the people disappeared" (ibid.).
Such similarity of myths practically throughout the entire Earth can have one of two reasons.
Firstly, the similarity of the myths could have been generated by their single author. However, the results of various fairly in-depth studies really reject such a point of view.
“In total, more than 500 such legends [about the flood] are known in the world. Having examined 86 of them (20 Asian, 3 European, 7 African, 46 American and 10 from Australia and Oceania), Dr. Richard Andre came to the conclusion that 62 are completely independent of Mesopotamian and Jewish variants" (ibid.).
Then it remains to admit that behind all these ancient legends there is a certain real cataclysm, traces of which must inevitably be discovered in our time.
What do natural sciences say about this?..
3. Archaeological traces of the Flood
According to archaeological data, in India, where there are several versions of the Flood myth, its real signs are found. For example, in the Shanidar cave.
"Its uniqueness lies in the fact that ancient people constantly lived in it. The oldest cultural layer dates back to 65-60 millennia, the latest - to the 11th millennium BC ... the type of person called homo sapiens stopped using the cave as housing just in the 11th millennium... The main thing was that the cultural layers of the Shanidar cave were interspersed with layers of silt, sand, shells and small pebbles. And this is in a cave that was never the seabed. Archaeologists discovered four disasters that befell not only the cave itself! cave, but also the man who lived in it... Only the last Great Flood “drove” ancient people out from under the natural arches of Shanidar into primitive round dwellings...” (V. Batsalev, A. Varakin, “Secrets of Archeology”).
In another region where there are also versions of the Flood myth - in South America - traces of a similar cataclysm are also found, dating back to the same period of time - the 11th millennium BC.
"In the South American Andes, in the mountains, at an altitude of 12,500 feet (4,200 m), geologists discovered traces of marine sediments! In the same area, some ruins at Tiahuanaco (at an altitude of 13,000 feet, 4,300 m) were covered with a six-foot (two-meter) layer of liquid mud, and the source of the flooding could not be found" (A. Alford, "Gods of the New Millennium").
"... fragments of human and animal skeletons lie in a chaotic disorder along with processed stones, tools, instruments and countless other objects. It is clear that all this was dragged, broken and dumped into a heap by some force" (G. Hancock, " Traces of the Gods").
“There is no doubt that the cause of the death of Tiahuanaco was a natural disaster... it occurred more than 12,000 years ago” (ibid.).
Similar traces are found throughout the continent.
“Fossil remains from the Ice Age have also been discovered throughout South America, in which the skeletons of incompatible animal species (predators and herbivores) are randomly mixed with human bones. Equally important is the combination (over fairly extended areas) of fossil land and sea animals, randomly mixed , but buried in the same geological horizon" (ibid.).
It should be noted that the end of the last so-called Ice Age falls precisely on the same XI millennium BC. However, the nature of the fossil remains clearly does not correspond to the “smooth” change in the level of the World Ocean that occurs with the gradual melting of ice at the end of the Ice Age (according to the generally accepted theory). Rather, it all resembles the result of the impact of a powerful water flow, very fleeting in time and more comparable to a cataclysm, rather than a gradual change in weather conditions.
A similar picture can be observed in Europe:
"...cracks in the rocks on the tops of isolated hills in Central France are filled with the remains of the bones of mammoths, hairy rhinoceroses and other animals. The top of Mont Genet in Burgundy is strewn with fragments of the skeletons of a mammoth, reindeer, horse and other animals" (ibid.) .
But the most impressive traces of a powerful cataclysm of the same period are found in the northern regions.
“The permafrost in which the remains of ... animals are buried in Alaska is like fine, dark gray sand. Frozen into this mass, in the words of Professor Hibben of the University of New Mexico: “... lie twisted parts of animals and trees, interspersed with with layers of ice and layers of peat and moss... Bison, horses, wolves, bears, lions... Whole herds of animals, apparently, died together, struck down by some common evil force... Such piles of bodies of animals and people under normal conditions are not formed..."" (ibid.).
"In the permafrost of Alaska... one can find... evidence of atmospheric disturbances of incomparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn to pieces and twisted as if some cosmic hands of the gods were acting in rage. In one place.. . found the front leg and shoulder of a mammoth; the blackened bones still held the remains of soft tissue adjacent to the spine along with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinous shell of the tusks was not damaged and no traces of dismemberment of the carcasses with a knife or other tool were found (as would have been the case in case of involvement of hunters in the dismemberment). tightly frozen" (ibid.).
“These animals in Alaska died so suddenly that they immediately froze without having time to decompose - and this is confirmed by the fact that local residents often thawed the carcasses and ate the meat” (A. Alford, “Gods of the New Millennium”).
The nature of the fossil remains of plant and animal origin, and especially the conditions in which they were found, clearly indicate that this is the result of a powerful tsunami, which collected everything and threw out its contents in an area of extreme cold (which is quite possible with sufficient force waves).
“Approximately the same picture can be observed in Siberia, where catastrophic climate change and geological processes occurred almost at the same time” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
“The same story happened in Siberia - and here, too, many animals were discovered buried in permafrost, most of which were typical for temperate climate regions. And here the corpses of animals were among uprooted tree trunks and other vegetation and bore signs of death from an unexpected and sudden catastrophe... Mammoths died suddenly, and in large numbers, in severe frost. Death came so quickly that they did not have time to digest the food they swallowed..." (A. Alford, "Gods of the New Millennium").
“The northern regions of Alaska and Siberia seem to have suffered the most from the murderous cataclysms 13,000-11,000 years ago. As if death had swung its scythe along the Arctic Circle, the remains of a myriad of large animals were discovered there, including a large number of carcasses with intact soft tissues and an incredible amount of perfectly preserved mammoth tusks. Moreover, in both regions, mammoth carcasses were thawed to feed sled dogs, and mammoth steaks even appeared on restaurant menus" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
Thus, archaeological research provides us with evidence of the cataclysm of the 11th millennium BC, no less terrifying than the picture of the global Flood painted by mythology. The scale of what happened can be approximately represented by a rough map compiled from data from both myths and archeology (see.
However, the data accumulated by modern science also indicate that the consequences of the cataclysm were not limited to the “one-time” death of part of the living. During the same period of time there is a sharp change in climatic conditions in different regions of the planet.
"The last 100 thousand years of glaciation, as shown by oxygen isotope numbers obtained in deep-sea samples of the Atlantic Ocean and equatorial waters of the Pacific Ocean, ended suddenly about 12 thousand years ago. Very rapid melting of the ice led to a rapid rise in sea levels ..." (there same).
Severe climate change has led to a sharp increase in the extinction of animal species.
"...mass animal extinction did occur as a result of the turmoil of the last Ice Age. ...in the New World, for example, over 70 species of large mammals went extinct between 15,000 and 8,000 BC... These losses, which essentially meant , the violent death of over 40 million animals were not evenly distributed throughout the entire period; on the contrary, the bulk of them occurred in the two thousand years between 11,000 and 9,000 BC. To get a sense of the dynamics, we note that during the previous 300 thousand years only everything disappeared. about 20 species" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
“The same pattern of mass extinction was observed in Europe and Asia. Even distant Australia was no exception, losing in a relatively short period of time, according to some estimates, nineteen species of large vertebrates, and not just mammals” (ibid.).
"Animal extinctions were most intense between 11,000 and 9,000 BC, when there were violent and inexplicable climate fluctuations. (According to geologist John Imbrie, a climate revolution occurred about 11,000 years ago.) In addition, there was accelerated sedimentation and a sharp increase... of the surface layers of the water of the Atlantic Ocean" (ibid.).
In general, objective data convincingly indicate that in the 11th millennium BC a powerful cataclysm occurred, which entailed such significant consequences that it became a kind of “watershed” for two completely different periods in the history of our planet.
"The catastrophe, which destroyed a highly developed civilization and caused many serious changes on the earth's surface, allegedly occurred about 10,000 years ago. From the point of view of archaeology, this is the end of the ancient Stone Age, Paleolithic; according to geological classification, this is the end of the last ice age, the boundary between the Pleistocene, the lower department of the Quaternary period, and the Holocene, its upper department" (Ya. Malina, R. Malinova, "Natural disasters and aliens from outer space").
"This era was decisive not only for the ancient Egyptians, but also for many other peoples. Indeed... it was an era of dramatic climate change, rapid rise in sea levels, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and lava showers from black skies. It was this era was the most likely source of many myths about a universal cataclysm widespread throughout the world" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
4. Is the flood a flood or something else?
But what is the reason for such a catastrophe? According to one version, the so-called “tidal theory,” the cataclysm arose as a result of the passage of a certain cosmic body near the Earth.
"Some experts believe that the eerie mixture of mammoth carcasses with broken and jumbled trees in Siberia" owes its origin to a huge tidal wave that uprooted trees and drowned them along with the animals in the mud. In the polar regions, all this was firmly frozen and has been preserved to this day in permafrost" (ibid.).
This hypothesis, in principle, is consistent with the fact that with the occurrence of such a powerful tidal wave, tectonic processes, in particular, should have been activated. This is confirmed by the explicit description of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in myths.
“Quite often, different types of natural disasters (two or more) are depicted as if they happened simultaneously (most often floods and earthquakes, but sometimes fires combined with terrifying darkness)” (ibid.).
“Meanwhile, the wolf Fenrir, whom the gods had carefully chained long before, broke his chains and ran away. He began to shake himself off, and the world trembled. The ash tree Yggdrasil, which served as the axis of the earth, turned upside down. The mountains began to crumble and crack from top to bottom, and the dwarfs desperately, but unsuccessfully, tried to find the familiar, but now disappeared, entrances to their underground dwellings... The universe turned into a huge furnace. Flames erupted from cracks in the rocks, steam hissed everywhere. All living things, all vegetation were destroyed. Only bare earth remained. , but like the sky, it was all covered with cracks and crevices. And then all the rivers and all the seas rose and overflowed their banks. They surged and boiled, hiding the sinking earth beneath them. (Teutonic legends).
"Volcanic phenomena and earthquakes are also often mentioned in connection with flooding, especially in the Americas. The Chilean Araucans directly say that "the flood was caused by volcanic eruptions, which were accompanied by strong earthquakes." The Mam-Maya are from Santiago Chimaltenango, in the western highlands of Guatemala , preserve the memory of a “stream of burning tar”, which, as they say, was one of the instruments of destruction of the world. And in the Gran Chaco (Argentina) the Mataco Indians talk about “a black cloud that came from the south during a flood and covered the whole sky. . Lightning flashed and thunder roared. But the drops that fell from the sky looked not like rain, but like fire...” (H. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
“Many myths about the cataclysm tell of times of terrible cold, darkened skies and black rain consisting of burning tar” (ibid.).
Archaeological data also indicate an increase in tectonic activity:
"...along the arc of death that passed through Siberia [including the New Siberian Islands], Yukon and Alaska..." in the depths of the permafrost, sometimes interspersed with piles of bones and tusks, lie layers of volcanic ash. There is no doubt that simultaneously with the pestilence, volcanic eruptions of terrifying force occurred"" (ibid.).
"...thousands of prehistoric animals and plants drowned overnight in the famous La Brea bitumen lakes near Los Angeles. Among the creatures brought to the surface were bison, horses, camels, sloths, mammoths, mastodons and at least seven hundred saber-toothed tigers... "The remains found by La Brea ("broken, crushed, deformed and mixed into a homogeneous mass") clearly indicate a sudden and terrible volcanic cataclysm" (ibid.).
“Similar finds of typical birds and mammals from the last Ice Age were made in two other asphalt deposits in California (Carpinteria and McKittrick). In the San Pedro Valley, mastodon skeletons were discovered in a standing position, buried in a layer of volcanic ash and sand. Fossil remains from glacial Lake Floristan in Colorado and from the John Day Basin in Oregon were also found in volcanic ash" (ibid.).
“The remains of animals, and sometimes heaps of bones and fangs, were covered with a layer of volcanic ash. There is no doubt that simultaneously with the mass death of animals, a volcanic eruption of colossal proportions occurred” (A. Alford, “Gods of the New Millennium”).
However, the tidal wave theory, consistent with traces of tectonic activity, does not explain the other consequences of the cataclysm of that period. One of the strong discrepancies with the theory is that in some areas there was a cooling, while in others there was a warming.
In particular, it became sharply cold in the regions of Siberia and Alaska.
"Some islands in the Arctic Ocean were not covered with ice during the last ice age. For example, on Baffin Island, 1,400 kilometers from the North Pole, remains of alder and birch were discovered in a peat bog, which suggests that less than 30 thousand years ago The climate there was significantly warmer than today. Such conditions remained there 17 thousand years ago. During the Wisconsin glaciation, there was a zone of temperate climate in the center of the Arctic Ocean, favorable for flora and fauna that could not exist in Canada at that time. and the United States" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
“Russian scientists have concluded that the Arctic Ocean was warm throughout most of the last ice age. The report of academicians Sax, Belov and Lapina, dedicated to various stages of their oceanographic research, states that until 18 thousand years ago, particularly warm conditions prevailed "(ibid.).
“...there is no doubt that at some point, 12-13 thousand years ago, a destructive cold came to Siberia with terrifying speed and since then has not weakened its grip” (ibid.).
Recently, evidence has also been obtained that the glaciers of Antarctica do not have a history of hundreds of thousands of years (as previously stated), but are much younger. Their appearance may well be associated with cooling in the Antarctic region, also as a result of the cataclysm that led to the “freezing” of Siberia and Alaska.
"Using a radioisotope dating method developed by Dr. W. D. Urey, scientists from the Carnegie Institution in Washington were able to establish with reasonable accuracy that the great Antarctic rivers, which were the source of ... fine sediments, actually flowed approximately 6,000 years ago ... Only after this date, around 4000 BC, glacial-type sediments began to accumulate at the bottom of the Ross Sea... The cores indicate that this was preceded by a long warm period" (ibid.).
On the other hand, the end of the “Ice Age” in Europe coincided with the cataclysm.
“...the Scandinavian glacier melted most quickly between the 11th and 9th millennia. The decisive stage came in the 10th millennium. Then, in two thousand years, the entire remnant of the Scandinavian glacier “dissolved”” (Ya. Malina, R. Malinova, “Natural disasters and aliens from outer space”).
“It was at this moment that the climate pendulum swung intensely in the opposite direction. The melting began so suddenly and over such a vast area that it was called “a miracle of sorts.” In Europe, geologists call this period the Bolling phase of a warm climate, and in North America - the Brady gap In both regions... the ice cap, which had been growing for 40 thousand years, disappeared within just two thousand years. Obviously, this could not be the result of slow-acting climatic factors that are usually used to explain ice ages... The rate of melting suggests an impact. the climate of some unusual factor. Evidence suggests that this factor first manifested itself about 16,500 years ago, destroying most (perhaps three-quarters) of the glaciers in two thousand years, and that the bulk of these dramatic events occurred within a thousand years or so. less" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
This picture of climate change does not fit into the results of the impact of a certain cosmic body passing close to the Earth. The tidal wave generated by the gravitational interaction of the Earth with this body and the increased tectonic activity (as shown by numerous scientific studies and calculations) should lead to a climate change that would be fairly uniform over the entire surface of the planet. But this did not happen.
Thus, the “tidal theory” to substantiate the causes of the cataclysm of the 11th millennium BC. is not suitable, since it not only does not explain the whole picture of the cataclysm, but also contradicts quite significantly its observed consequences.
5. Leapfrog in the firmament
And here another idea can be suggested by myths, according to which in various regions, simultaneously with the cataclysm on the surface of the Earth, a change in the visible sky occurred.
“The inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego... said that the Sun and Moon “fell from the sky,” and the Chinese said that “the planets changed their path. The Sun, Moon and stars began to move in a new way."... The Tarahumara of northern Mexico have legends about the destruction of the world as a result of the change in the path of the Sun.... Another tribe from Tierra del Fuego, the Pehuenche, associate the flood with a long period of darkness : “The sun and moon fell from the sky, and the world was left without light” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
In China there is “...a series of legends that spoke about the consequences of how “people rebelled against the gods and the system of the universe fell into disorder”: “The planets changed their path. The sky has moved to the north. The sun, moon and stars began to move in a new way. The earth fell apart, water gushed from its depths and flooded the earth "" (ibid.) .
“And the earth itself began to lose its appearance. The stars began to float from the sky and disappear into the gaping void...” (ibid.).
According to the Greek legend about Phaeton: “The fiery horses quickly felt that an inexperienced hand was holding the reins. Now backing away, now rushing to the side, they left their usual path; then the whole earth saw with amazement how the magnificent Sun, instead of following its eternal and majestic path, suddenly tumbled and fell headlong like a meteor... ...the grass withered; the forests were filled with fire and smoke; then the bare earth began to crack and crumble, and the blackened rocks burst from the heat." .
The Greeks themselves pointed to a change in the position of the earth's axis as the cause of this cataclysm. A similar conclusion is shared not only by the myths of some other peoples, but also by a number of modern researchers.
“The event, known from the Bible as the flood, is described in many other ancient sources. A number of them directly indicate the main cause of the flood - a change in the inclination of the sky in relation to the earth, which is possible only when the earth’s axis shifts” (V. Demin, "Secrets of the Universe").
At the same time, the theory of changes in the inclination of the Earth’s rotation axis is capable of not only substantiating the cause of the cataclysm and explaining its consequences, but also resolving the contradictions of the “glacial theory” that still dominates official science and reduces periodic climate changes in a particular region to a change in the area of glaciers by planet.
"...how to explain the fact that none of the ice caps that grew during the Ice Ages arose at or even near the present poles?" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
"...the best theory to explain the Ice Age is the one that says: because there was a pole in this place. Thus it is easy to explain the presence of glaciations in the past in India and Africa, although in our time these places are in the tropics. In the same way In this way one can explain the origin of any glaciation on a continental scale" (Hapgood).
However, the hypothesis of a sudden change in the inclination of the Earth's rotation axis does not withstand even simple analysis from the point of view of physics.
The rotating Earth is a gyroscope with a very impressive angular momentum (with a radius of 6400 kilometers and a mass of 6.10 21 tons, the Earth rotates in just 24 hours!), i.e. is a very inertial object (an object that “strongly resists” attempts to change the characteristics of its movement).
In addition, to obtain the required effect, a very specific type of influence is needed (not a simple physical force, but a rotational-tipping moment), which means, in particular, that such a sudden change in the inclination of the Earth’s axis cannot be caused by, say, gravitational interaction with what -or a “passing by” cosmic body. Such a rotational-overturning moment can occur, for example, during a tangential (or close to tangential) impact of a meteorite (see Fig.
Using the mechanics of gyroscopes, in the roughest approximation, it is quite possible to estimate the load required to rotate the earth's axis during such a meteorite impact.
To simplify calculations, we will consider the Earth to be a homogeneous solid ball with a radius R and mass M, rotating before the collision with angular velocity. We will also assume that the entire momentum (or momentum) of the meteorite during its tangential collision with the earth's surface will be transferred to a displacement of the earth's axis (i.e., to a change in the vector of the angular velocity of its rotation).
That is, the entire angular momentum of the meteorite (relative to the center of the Earth) when colliding with the Earth will go towards changing the Earth’s own angular momentum. Or in mathematical expression:
where is the moment of inertia of the Earth relative to its axis of symmetry,
m- the mass of the falling meteorite,
v- speed of the falling meteorite,
The magnitude of the change in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation, determined by the relation
Assuming for simplicity that the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation after a meteorite impact
(that is, only the axis of rotation changes, and not its magnitude), we get
where is the angle of displacement of the earth's axis.
Then it is easy to calculate that to rotate the Earth’s rotation axis through an angle equal to 20° (determined from the necessary climatic changes - see below) for a meteorite approaching the Earth at a speed of 100 km/sec, dimensions are required, according to the most conservative estimates, no less than 1000 kilometers in diameter. And this is with a very idealized picture of the collision - taking into account the real heterogeneity of the Earth and energy losses to processes not associated with axis displacement leads to a noticeable increase in the required dimensions of the meteorite.
Only the largest known meteorites in the solar system have similar sizes, the probability of a collision with which, although not zero, is very, very small.
In addition, it is obvious that a “pebble” of this size, if it does not lead to the “demolition” of part of planet Earth (whose diameter is only 12,800 km), will certainly destroy all life on it. For clarity,
shows the size of the largest known asteroid in the solar system, Ceres, with a diameter of just 1000 km, in comparison with Europa).
Since among the results of the cataclysm of the 11th millennium BC. Since the death of all life on Earth (as well as the planet Earth itself) is not recorded, it is hardly worth considering seriously the version of a change in the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Dead end again?..
A way out of this impasse can be found in the theory of crustal “slippage” proposed by Schultz, who suggested that the mechanism of the described changes is associated with "the movement of the lithosphere as a single whole... in quick jerks followed by long pauses".
In order to understand the essence of this theory, you need to remember the structure of the Earth
The solid crust (or lithosphere), like a shell in an egg, rests on thick layers of the mantle, consisting of liquid molten rocks. Moreover, the thickness of the crust in order of magnitude ranges from 5 km in the oceans to 50 km in the region of continental plates with a total radius of the Earth of 6400 km.
It is clear, even purely speculative, that this makes it possible for the earth’s crust, under certain conditions, to “slip” through the liquid layer of magma that makes up the Earth’s mantle, without any noticeable change in the rotation of the entire gyroscope called “planet Earth.” How “easy” this can happen can be imagined if we remember how easily and quickly hot lava (the same magma) can move across the surface of the earth during volcanic eruptions.
Such “slippage” of the crust can provide both a change in the position of the earth’s poles, accompanied by global heterogeneous climate changes, and a change in the visible vault of the sky. (During “slipping,” the visible sky changes its tilt, although the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation relative to the orbital plane does not change.)
6. Myths correct the theory of slippage
Now there is a need to understand the possible reasons for this “slippage”.
According to the original version of this theory, this effect may be due to fluctuations (oscillations) of the Earth's attraction by the Sun in conjunction with centrifugal forces acting on the planet's ice caps.
"When the shape of the Earth's orbit deviates from an ideal circle by more than one percent, the gravitational influence of the Sun on the Earth increases, pulling stronger on both the entire planet as a whole and its massive ice caps. Their enormous weight in turn presses on the crust, and this pressure, combined with the increased tilt of the earth's axis, causes the crust to move..." (Hapgood)
However, simple physical estimates for such a process show its probability to be negligible.
Due to the fact that the mass of the ice caps in the polar regions is almost negligible compared to the mass of the earth's crust, the difference in weight caused by centrifugal forces at the pole and at the equator is less than one percent (!), which reduces the rotational effect of the ice caps on the earth's crust in general to an extremely low level. This difference is on par with the tidal fluctuations that we experience every day (however, they do not lead to such cataclysms every day).
Thus, it is necessary to look for other reasons that can ensure the “slippage” of the earth’s crust. To do this, let's go back to mythology...
According to myths on the territory of modern Iran: “...the garden of pleasures... turned as a result of the attack of the devil Angro Mainyu into a lifeless desert, where there is winter for ten months and summer for only two” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
According to the sacred book of Zoroastrianism "Avesta": “Ahuramazda turned to Yima and said to him: “O fair Yima... A fatal winter is about to fall on the material world, bringing with it a furious destructive frost. A destructive winter when a huge amount of snow falls."
In another Zoroastrian holy book, “Bundahish” one can read: "When Angro Mainyu sent down a fierce, destructive frost, it also "attacked the sky and threw it into disorder." The Bundahish relates that this attack allowed the wicked to take possession "one third of the sky and cover it with darkness" while the advancing ice squeezed everything around.
"...in South America, the Toba Indians of the Gran Chaco region, located at the junction of the modern borders of Paraguay, Argentina and Chile, still repeat the myth of the coming of the "Great Cold." In this case, the warning comes from a semi-divine figure named Asin: “Asin ordered the man to collect as much firewood as possible and cover the hut with a thick layer of reeds, because the Great Cold was coming... The ice and slush lasted for a very long time...” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
“The Mayan book Popol Vuh associates the flood with “heavy hail, black rain, fog and indescribable cold.” It also says that at this time it was “cloudy and gloomy throughout the world ... the faces of the Sun and Moon were hidden.” Other Mayan sources say that these strange and terrible phenomena befell humanity “in the time of the ancestors. The earth darkened... At first the sun shone brightly. Then in broad daylight it became dark..." (ibid.).
“The catastrophic flood was followed by a long period during which the light of the sun disappeared from the heavens and the air was filled with gloomy darkness... “The gods waited for a long time until, finally, the sky began to turn red in the East. There arose a huge ball of the Sun, giving life..." ...It was at this moment of cosmic rebirth that Quetzalcoatl appeared" (ibid.).
Even in Europe, where the Ice Age has generally ended, descriptions of temporary cooling are found. According to Teutonic legends: "In a distant forest in the east, an elderly giantess gave birth to a whole brood of wolf cubs, the father of which was Fenrir. One of these monsters chased the Sun in order to take possession of it. The chase was in vain for a long time, but with each season the wolf gained strength and finally managed to catch up with The sun. Its bright rays went out one after another. It turned bloody red, and then completely disappeared... Following this, a terrible winter came in the world from all sides."
“...most often in other legends a flood appears, but the familiar motives of divine warning and salvation of the remnants of humanity in various parts of the world are often associated with sudden glaciation” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
At the same time, myths say that after some time winter stops in these regions. These details of the cataclysm strongly resemble the so-called “shock winter,” which (as scientists have long calculated) occurs when a large meteorite falls to Earth.
Actually, a significant number of myths name directly celestial objects as the causes of the Flood.
"A number of Australian Aboriginal tribes... have a belief that they owe their origin to a great flood, which washed away the previously existing landscape along with its inhabitants. According to the myths about the origin of a number of other tribes, the responsibility for the flood lies with the cosmic serpent Yurlungur, whose symbol is a rainbow "(ibid.).
“In the hymns of Viracocha, recorded by Pachacuti Yamka, the term anancocha is found, literally “sea above,” in direct reference to the starry heavens. Whatever else this myth may mean, the sources of the impending flood were somewhere outside, in the astronomical sphere” (U .Sullivan, "Secrets of the Incas").
"In another myth of Quetzalcoatl, also written in Nahuatl, we learn that the death of the Fourth Sun (preceding the Fifth Sun, which the Aztecs tried to keep alive) came at the hands of the stars. This myth, a reworking of a somewhat older (and probably destroyed) version, has its exact duplicate in the Andes, in the myth of the Lama and the Flood, for the Aztecs the stars were the enemies of the Sun, the Fifth Sun" (ibid.).
“...ancient and even later traditions have repeatedly linked the legend of the Flood with the symbolism of comets...” (N. Mamuna, “Zodiac of Mysteries”).
Since meteorites very rarely fall to the Earth strictly vertically, when they hit the surface of the earth, both vertical and tangential components of the force action take place
It is clear that with sufficient impact force, this tangential component can cause displacement of the earth's crust along the mantle layer, causing "slippage".
It is obvious that since the mass of the earth's crust is much less than the mass of the entire Earth (compare at least the thickness of the crust with the radius of the Earth and take into account the increase in density with depth), the force required to displace only the earth's crust is much weaker than the force that would be required to influence the whole planet.
And besides, the fall of a large meteorite, which also causes a noticeable displacement of the earth’s crust, is quite capable of causing all those effects that have already been mentioned. In particular, the “explosive” nature of the processes - rapid climate change, the sudden onset of a “shock winter”, intensification of tectonic processes and a powerful tsunami (Flood) - confirmed by both myths and real geological and archaeological data.
7. Physical calculation of the possibility of slipping
Now we can evaluate from the point of view of physics the possibility of “slipping” of the earth’s crust during the impact of a large meteorite, for which it is enough to use fairly simple considerations.
At the moment of a meteorite impact, the Earth’s crust receives additional rotation with an initial angular velocity around a certain “slip” axis, which obviously does not coincide with the axis of the Earth’s own rotation (otherwise there will be no change in the position of the poles). In this case, each point on the Earth's surface acquires an additional speed, depending on the initial angular velocity and distance R from this point to the "slip" axis
“Slipping” through the liquid and “stationary” mantle, the earth’s crust will experience braking, which in this case will be similar to the braking of a moving body in a viscous fluid (the greater the speed of the body, the greater the force braking this movement). Therefore, for any point on the Earth’s surface the following will be true: (1)
Where v- speed of a surface point at a moment in time t,
F- braking force of the cortex at a given point,
k- a certain constant coefficient.
Then for any thin annular layer of the earth’s crust in a plane perpendicular to the “slip” axis, it follows from Newton’s law: (2)
Where m- the mass of this annular layer of bark.
Having carried out the summation over the entire surface of the Earth (i.e. integration over the angle between the direction to a point on the earth’s surface and the “slip” axis), and taking into account the fact that , from (2) we obtain the differential equation of motion of the earth’s crust in the form: (3)
Where M- mass of the earth's crust.
Solution of equation (3): (4)
shows that the movement of the Earth's crust after a meteorite impact slows down very quickly (exponentially). The final displacement of each point on the Earth’s surface will be (5)
Considering that vdt = ds, from (4) and (5) it can be obtained that the work of the braking forces of the earth’s crust with the complete cessation of “slippage” will be
(6)
Where S max is the maximum displacement of points on the earth's surface (at the "slip equator", i.e. at R = R 3, Where R 3- radius of the Earth). Or (7)
Where T- a certain characteristic time of the process, i.e. time during which the “slipping” movement will practically stop: .
In applied calculations, the characteristic process time is often determined from the condition: (8)
This characteristic time of the “slippage” process can be taken as equal to one day, both from speculative considerations and from data found in mythology.
"In ancient times, the sun died. Because of his death, the night lasted five days. Rocks rattled against each other. Stupas and stone millstones began to eat people. Male llamas began to transport people" (Myths of Uarochiri).
“In 1872, George Smith, a restorer at the British Museum, while restoring and reading clay tablets discovered during the excavations of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria, made out a cuneiform inscription on one of the fragments, which was ... a description of the Great Flood in the same details, but with different heroes! Moreover, it was a poem! And the biblical Noah was called Utnapishtim, and Ararat was called Mount Nitsir. True, the flood lasted only six days and seven nights (40 in the Bible)... The poem was called “The Epic of Gilgamesh” (V. Batsalev). , A. Varakin, “Secrets of Archeology”).
"Arne Pebel published in 1914 a translation of a Sumerian tablet kept in Philadelphia, in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. They tell that the pious and pious king Ziusurda received instructions from Utu (the sun god) and sets off on a ship to escape the Flood that was raging seven days and seven nights" (ibid.).
Further. Based on the general picture of climate change in Europe, Siberia, Alaska and Antarctica, the pole shift can be estimated at 2-3 thousand kilometers. According to Hapgood: "...until the end of the last ice age, say until the 11th millennium BC, the continent of Antarctica was approximately 3 thousand kilometers to the north, that is, in more favorable temperate latitudes, after which it shifted to its current position inside the Antarctic Circle in as a result of powerful movement of the Earth's crust."
In this case, it is necessary to take into account that the magnitude of the pole displacement is obviously less than the maximum displacement of the earth’s crust. This is clear from
: the tangential component of the force impact when a meteorite hits the earth's surface can be decomposed into a meridional and latitudinal component. It is quite obvious that the movement of the poles occurs only under the influence of the meridional (perpendicular to the equator) component. However, under “favorable conditions”, i.e. with the corresponding trajectory of a falling meteorite, the value of the meridional component does not differ much from the entire tangential component.
Assuming for simplicity that the pole displacement is equal to S max , and that the energy of the falling meteorite was completely spent on “slipping”, from all of the above and formula (7) it can be obtained that all conditions are met by a “pebble” with a radius of only 20 km, approaching the Earth at a speed of 50 km/sec (usual speed for object flying towards the Earth). Taking into account the errors in the estimates, we can conclude that from the point of view of physics, a meteorite about 50 km in size may well be sufficient to ensure such “slippage”.
As you know, there is quite a lot of such “garbage” in our Solar System...
8. Preliminary estimates of the area where the meteorite fell
However, it is possible not only to assess the possibility of the Flood occurring as a result of a meteorite fall, but also to more accurately determine the location of this fall by the consequences that were caused by it.
Unfortunately, mythology is unlikely to seriously help us, since it gives a very general picture of the cataclysms that occurred without reference to any precise orientation of the epicenter of events. Only the most general hints can be found in ancient texts.
The natural sciences provide much more material. And first of all, climate data, which determines that before the Flood, glaciers dominated in the region of northeastern Canada (Labrador Peninsula) and Europe, and Siberia, Alaska and the Arctic Ocean were in the temperate zone.
If we assume that where the pole is, it is colder there (i.e. it is there that the formation of glaciers is most likely), then climatic conditions quite clearly indicate that the “antediluvian” North Pole was located approximately somewhere in the region between 20 and 60 meridian of western longitude and between the 45th and 75th parallel north
For the point of the pole, the latitudinal component of the force of a meteorite impact, which rotates the Earth’s crust around the same axis of its own rotation, has no meaning, and the displacement of the pole occurs under the influence of only the meridional component. Therefore, the meteorite must have fallen somewhere on a circle passing through the old and modern poles. That is, have coordinates either in the range of 20 o 60 o west longitude, or 120 o - 160 o east longitude.
Even a cursory glance at a map of the Western Hemisphere shows the complete absence in the mentioned area of at least any traces of the fall of such a large meteorite, which inevitably had to leave behind a substantial crater.
But the eastern hemisphere turns out to be more attractive. Here, the search area is largely covered by the Pacific Ocean, the bottom topography of which allows us to assume an association with a residual crater.
It should be noted that the variant of the meteorite falling specifically in the Pacific Ocean is remarkably consistent with the nature of the fossil remains in Siberia and Alaska.
“Scientists confirm that of the thirty-four species of animals that lived in Siberia before the catastrophes of the 11th millennium BC, ... no less than twenty-eight were adapted only to moderate climatic conditions. Therefore, one of the most surprising moments associated with the extinction of animals , is that, in contrast to the geographic and climatic conditions existing in our time, the further we move north, the more remains of mammoths and other animals we encounter" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
The tsunami, which came from the south (from the Pacific Ocean - the area where the meteorite fell), moved north, gradually losing strength. The cold that came immediately after this (the crust shifted sharply to the north) seemed to photograph the overall picture, as the “tired” tsunami parted with its “harvest”.
But the most information is provided by the tectonic map...
It is clear that a meteorite of this size, moving the earth’s crust as a whole, could well have caused faults and cracks in it. Especially when you consider that at the site of the approximate fall of such a “pebble,” the thickness of the earth’s crust turns out to be comparable to the size of the meteorite itself.
The nature of tectonic plates and faults indicates that the site of the meteorite that caused the Flood may well have been in the Philippine Sea region. It is there that we see a small “splinter” of the crust - the Philippine plate, which is much smaller than any other on our planet
There are no others like this, with the exception of the Scot slab
the size of which is comparable to the Philippine one.
However, the origin of the Scot Plate may well be explained by other reasons. In particular, the fact that such a load on the earth's crust should inevitably cause strong internal stresses in it, which, according to the theory of elasticity, increase significantly near sharp edges or corners. We can observe the result of this in the form of the Scotus Plate, as if sandwiched between the sharp tip of the South American continental plate and the sharp protrusion of the Antarctic (again continental) plate.
But let's return to the Philippine Sea, which (together with nearby islands) itself strongly resembles a crater
This place is characterized not only by the fact that a number of tectonic faults converge on it. As seen in
This is the region where the maximum number of earthquake sources is located, and it is here that there are the most deep-seated sources. This is also well connected with the tectonic consequences of a meteorite impact.
Another result of the meteorite fall may also be that the region of the Philippine Sea, according to geological data, is characterized by the fact that here sedimentary layers of different ages are in a mixed state. This refutes the sometimes-found assertion that there are no meteorite traces in sedimentary rocks of that period.
“At the bottom of the oceans, internal and marginal seas, a strict sequence of precipitation can be traced, even in those cases that correspond to the period of a possible catastrophe. It is impossible to imagine that the fall of such a huge body into the ocean would not cause mixing of sedimentary rocks. And if a meteorite fell on land, clouds of sand and dust would rise into the air. Carried by the wind towards the ocean, they would settle to the bottom, forming a layer of sediment among ordinary deep-sea sediments. But not a single such layer was found at the corresponding depth under the ocean floor" (Ya. Malina, R. Malinova. , "Natural disasters and aliens from outer space").
It is precisely this mixing of sedimentary rocks that takes place at the bottom of the Philippine Sea.
More One aspect of the impact of a meteorite on the earth’s crust may be the occurrence of a rotational moment acting on the “fragments” of the crust at the site of the meteorite impact
Since the displacement of the earth's crust occurred in such a way that the point of the old North Pole shifted towards the Atlantic Ocean, the meridional component of the trajectory of the meteorite that fell in the Philippine Sea area should have been directed from south to north. In addition, since the Earth rotates from west to east, the forceful impact of a falling meteorite could most likely have a latitudinal component directed from east to west. Thus, the tangential component of the meteorite impact had (approximately) a direction from southeast to northwest.
As seen in
the general topography of the bottom of the Philippine Sea is remarkably consistent with the above considerations and indicates that the Philippine Plate has a slope in the direction from southeast to northwest, which should be the case for the given trajectory of the falling meteorite.
It should be noted that this region is also characterized by the fact that it is framed by the deepest depressions on Earth, which completely coincide in location with tectonic faults (read cracks) in the earth’s crust. This is where the famous Mariana Trench (11,022 meters deep) is located.
The conclusion about the fall of a meteorite in the Philippine Sea is also consistent with the fact that it was in the nearby regions (from Japan and China to Australia and Oceania) that mythology names the rainbow or the Serpent, which are often identified with each other, as the cause of the Flood. It is clear that in the eyes of primitive peoples, the trail of a falling meteorite could well look like a fiery serpent.
And one last thing. The Philippine Sea is located in the southeast of China, and the ancient Chinese treatise Huainanzi tells: “The firmament broke, the earth’s scales broke. The sky tilted to the northwest, the Sun, Moon and stars moved. The earth in the southeast turned out to be incomplete, and therefore water and silt rushed there...”
9. Clarification of the position of the antediluvian poles of the Earth
However, so far we have only a very approximate location of the meteorite fall and a very large range of the location of the old north pole. To determine them more accurately, let’s try to use data that has come down to us from ancient times, in a completely different, seemingly, area. We are talking about architectural structures of antiquity.
First, let's turn our attention to the well-known Egyptian pyramids, or rather to the three of them that are located on the Giza plateau, and next to which the famous Sphinx is located
It is already common knowledge that the Pyramids of Giza were built with an incredible degree of precision, which is at the limit of not only modern construction technology, but also the limit of modern measurement methods. But for us in this case, the most important thing is the accuracy of orientation to the cardinal points...
Great Pyramid "...oriented along the meridian, and its faces look at the four cardinal directions. The entrance... is located on the north side of the structure, and thus the entire internal structure of the pyramid is also planned along an axis from north to south, thereby emphasizing the importance of the meridional location "(R. Buwell, E. Gilbert, "Secrets of the Pyramids").
"The north side faces almost perfectly north, the east side faces east, and so on. The average error is about two arc minutes (for the south side - less than two minutes) - exceptional accuracy for any structure of any era and truly incredible..." (G .Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
“An error [in the orientation of the Great Pyramid to the cardinal directions] of three arc minutes corresponds to a relative error equal to only 0.015%. According to civil engineers... the need for such accuracy is impossible to understand. ... even if the base of the monument were skewed by two or three degrees (an error of the order of a percent), the naked eye simply could not notice this difference. On the other hand, the additional difficulties that have to be overcome in order to reduce the error from three degrees to three minutes are enormous... It follows that The ancient builders who erected the pyramid at the dawn of human civilization must have had very strong motives for ensuring such precise orientation to the cardinal points" (ibid.).
Leaving aside the reasons for the need for such high precision and the question of the authors of the construction, it can be noted that, regardless of the specific period of construction of the pyramids, their construction was carried out obviously after the Flood and the “slippage” of the earth’s crust. This conclusion is inevitable given the negligible probability of such an accurate calculation of the consequences of "slippage" that would allow achieving the highest degree of orientation of an object built before the Flood.
Recent studies very convincingly refute the date of construction of the pyramids of Giza by the IV dynasty of pharaohs, as official Egyptology claims. At the same time, various methods of determining the age of the pyramids practically converge on a single date - approximately 10,450 BC.
"... important evidence about the age of the pyramids was constantly ignored. ... among such evidence was an inscription dedicating the pyramid to Isis, the goddess, whose time Manetho dates to 10450 BC; as well as the amazing discovery of Robert Buwell and Adrian Gilbert, who established, that the three pyramids of Giza accurately reflect the position of the three stars of Orion's Belt, which they occupied in 10450 BC" (A. Alford, "Gods of the New Millennium").
"The position of the stars of Orion's Belt on the western "shore" of the Milky Way corresponds with amazing accuracy to the location and orientation of the three pyramids of Giza relative to the Nile! ... the time of complete coincidence ... dates back to approximately 10,450 BC." (R. Buwell, E. Gilbert, “Secrets of the Pyramids”).
"They [Orion's belt stars] are tilted southwest with respect to the axis of the Milky Way, while the pyramids are also tilted southwest with respect to the axis of the Nile. If you look carefully on a clear night, you can see that the smallest of the three stars, the one at the top, which the Arabs call Mintaka, is slightly offset to the east from the line on which the other two stars lie. This picture is reproduced on Earth, where the pyramid of Menkaure is also offset to the east from the line formed by the pyramid of Khafre (analogue. middle star, Al-Nilam) and the Great Pyramid, which depicts the star Al-Nitak. It is quite obvious that the three monuments are placed according to a single plan, which accurately models the location of these three stars... Thus, in Giza, the Belt of Orion was depicted on Earth. "(Buwell). (Cm.
"In 10450 BC - and nothing more! The location of the pyramids on Earth accurately reflects the location of the stars in the sky. I mean a perfect match, unmistakable, and this cannot be accidental, since the entire complex correctly reflects two rather unusual celestial phenomena , which occurred only at this time. Firstly, completely by chance, the Milky Way, as seen at Giza in 10450 BC, accurately reproduced the meridional direction of the Nile Valley; secondly, to the west of the Milky Way three; the stars of Orion's Belt were at their minimum altitude according to the precession cycle..." (Bauwell).
Here it should be clarified that the real relative position of the stars of Orion’s Belt is still significantly different from the relative position of the Giza pyramids, as shown by modern astronomical modeling programs RedShift and StarCal. Deviation of the third star of Orion's Belt from a straight line throughout the past since the middle of the 11th millennium BC. the period does not go beyond 7-8 degrees, while the deviation of the third pyramid on the Giza plateau from the straight line is only 10 degrees. So we need to talk only about an approximate “reproduction” of the location of the stars on the plateau.
Another thing is that there is another point that can connect the time of construction of the pyramids with this particular date. The fact is that on the day of the vernal equinox of 10450 BC. at the moment of sunrise, Orion's Belt is not only at its minimum height above the horizon, but is also located strictly in the south...
Independently of Buvella's astronomical research, West conducted a study to estimate the age of the Sphinx, located next to the pyramids of Giza and included in a single complex with them, based on an analysis of the erosion of the surface of the Sphinx and the climatic conditions of Egypt. The results of his research (presented here as presented by Hancock) again draw our attention to the 11th millennium BC.
“The erosion of the Sphinx and the surrounding trench, carved into the rock, is not the result of the influence of wind, but of heavy rains, which watered them for thousands of years long before the Old Kingdom appeared in the world” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods” ).
"As Santa Faya's photographs of the Sphinx and trench walls show, the surface profile is characterized by a combination of deep vertical grooves and undulating horizontal grooves, in Schoch's words - "a classic textbook example of what happens to the structure of limestone if rain waters it for a period of time. several thousand years... It is absolutely clear that erosion of this type is generated precisely by rain"" (ibid.).
“Wind-sand erosion produces a different surface profile: horizontally slot-like channels with sharp edges, which arise as a result of increased wear of the softer layers of stone. Under no circumstances does it lead to the appearance of vertical grooves, especially clearly visible on the walls of the trench” (ibid.).
"The Sphinx is supposed to have been erected by Khafra around 2500 BC, but since the beginning of the dynastic period, say 3000 BC, there simply hasn't been enough rain on the Giza plateau to cause such extensive erosion, such as we can see in the body of the Sphinx. You would have to go back to before 10,000 BC to encounter a climate in Egypt that was wet enough for erosion of this type and magnitude to occur. It follows that the Sphinx must have occurred. be built before 10,000 BC" (ibid.).
"... [West's] position was supported by nearly 300 participants at the Geological Society of America's annual conference in 1992" (ibid.).
Despite all the resistance of official Egyptology, it is necessary to recognize the dubiousness of the random coincidence of the results of dating the pyramids by different researchers and agree that the pyramids of Giza were built not only after the Flood, but also a relatively short period of time after it.
Confirmation of this conclusion can be found in mythology, or more precisely, in the mythology associated with the Zodiac. As is known, the Sphinx has the figure of a lion, and the lion, according to zodiac symbolism (which has not undergone significant changes throughout its existence), belongs to the so-called era of Leo, beginning approximately in the middle of the 11th millennium BC, i.e. by the time the Sun rises in the area of the constellation Leo on the day of the spring equinox.
Moreover, mythology clearly emphasizes the connection between the Age of Leo and the Flood.
"Is there... evidence of a zodiac at the time of the flood? Two such evidence has been discovered. One of them is contained in an ancient Babylonian New Year's ritual, which speaks of the "constellation Leo, which measures the depth of the waters." The other evidence was found in a small cuneiform tablet, where it is said that the Flood occurred at a time when the planet Nibiru [identified by another source with the Sun] was in the constellation Leo" (A. Alford, "Gods of the New Millennium").
"... the Egyptians placed on the gates of irrigation canals that directed water to the fields, an image of a lion's head with an open mouth. Hence the custom, which has survived to this day, of decorating fountains with an open lion's mouth from which water pours out. Plutarch wrote that it was the custom to place at the doors of the temples there are figures of lions spewing water from their mouths. And the Egyptians depicted the flood itself in the form of a lion, who was called the “guardian of the waters” (N. Mamuna, “Zodiac of Mysteries”).
Now let’s move from the eastern hemisphere to the western hemisphere, where, to our surprise, we discover an object painfully reminiscent of the Pyramids of Giza
"Thirty miles northeast of what is now Mexico City is Teotihuacan, called the "Place of the Gods" by the Aztecs. It was undoubtedly one of the most sacred places in ancient America. According to Aztec legends, it was here, on the central plateau of Mexico, that the The Sun and the Moon and time began. These legends are reflected in the two main monuments of Teotihuacan - the Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon. The Pyramids rise above the surrounding landscape - one is 212 feet high, the other is 140 feet" (A. Alford, "Gods of the New Millennium").
"Just like Giza, Teotihuacan has three main pyramids: the Pyramid and Temple of Quetzalcoatl, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. Just like Giza, the construction layout is not symmetrical as one would expect, with the two structures facing each other, and the third is deliberately shifted to the side [see.
And finally, in Giza, the peaks of the Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khafre are on the same level, although the first’s own height is greater than the second. Similarly, in Teotihuacan, the tops of the pyramid of the Sun and the Moon are on the same level, although the former is higher. The difference in the height of the pyramids in both cases compensates for the difference in the levels of the bases" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
(Strictly speaking, here we should also be talking only about approximate similarities, since the deviation of the Pyramid of the Moon from the straight line connecting the other two main structures of Teotihuacan is already almost 14 degrees...)
Besides “...in the dimensions of the Great Pyramid at Giza and the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan... the number “pi” is involved. This connection on both sides of the Atlantic is formalized in a similar way, leaving no doubt that the local architects were well acquainted with this transcendental number .. The original height of the Great Pyramid is 147 meters, the perimeter of the base is 920 meters; accordingly, the ratio of these values is 6.28 (2 “pi”), that is, equal to the ratio of the circumference to its radius...” (ibid.).
"Now consider the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan. The angle of inclination of its side faces is 43.5 degrees (compared to 52 degrees for the Great Pyramid), that is, the shape of the Mexican monument is flatter. The perimeter of its base is 895 meters, not much less than that of the Egyptian brother, but the height is significantly less (before Bartres’ “restoration” it was approximately 71 meters)... The formula that “works” here is not 2 “pi”, as in the case of the Great Pyramid, but 4 “pi” That is, the ratio! the perimeter of the base of the pyramid of the Sun to its height is equal to 4 "pi" (ibid.).
The similarity can hardly be accidental.
“...the very fact that the dimensions of both structures are connected by similar relationships testifies not only to the existence of developed mathematical knowledge in ancient times, but also to some common goal” (ibid.).
The common purpose of constructing such similar complexes of structures is emphasized by ancient legends:
“According to [Central American legends], the City of the Gods was so called because the rulers buried there after death did not decay, but turned into gods... In other words, it was “the place where people became gods.” Moreover, this place was known as “the abode of those who know the way to the gods” and “the place where gods are made”” (ibid.).
"Is it a mere coincidence ... that the same religious purpose was pursued by the three pyramids at Giza? The ancient hieroglyphic Pyramid Texts, the oldest written records in the world, leave no room for doubt about the ultimate purpose of the rituals performed in these colossal structures: to produce reincarnation of the deceased pharaoh, “to open the gates of the firmament and pave the way” along which he could “ascend into the community of the gods”” (ibid.).
According to research in recent decades, the very shape of the pyramid is capable of causing changes in the biological and physical processes occurring inside the pyramid. In particular, under certain conditions, organic matter inside a pyramid (even a simple model) does not decay, but becomes mummified. At the same time, the researchers note that the maximum effects are observed precisely with the strict geographical orientation of the pyramids.
Let us leave aside the mass of questions that arise in connection with this, which are very intriguing and could form the subject of a separate study. Let us only take advantage of the fact that with such similarities between the two complexes of structures, it would be very logical to admit that both objects (Giza and Teotihuacan) with a very high degree of probability had a certain common purpose and a single (or coordinated) authorship.
However, unlike the pyramids of Giza, the structures of Teotihuacan do not have such a rigid connection to a geographic grid. At the same time, the buildings of Teotihuacan are also rigidly tied to each other and to a certain direction.
“In the founding of the city [Teotihuacan], it seems that amazingly high technology was used. The main street of the city - the Street of the Dead - stretches absolutely straight for two miles, and archaeological research indicates that some very sophisticated instruments were used in its creation to determine directions. Further, the entire layout is based on a deviation from the north-south direction by 15.5 degrees...” (A. Alford, “Gods of the New Millennium”). (Cm.
If you look at the globe, you will notice that the continuation of the Teotihuacan reference axis leads us exactly to the area where the North Pole was supposedly previously (before the Flood).
Considering the strict connection of the Giza pyramids to the modern North Pole and the obvious connection of the two complexes of structures, it is logical to put forward the following hypothesis: Teotihuacan was also oriented towards the “antediluvian” North Pole, just as the Giza pyramids are now oriented towards the modern North Pole. Only the “slippage” of the earth’s crust under the influence of a meteorite fall, accompanied by the Flood and a change in all coordinate references, led Teotihuacan to its “ridiculous” modern reference to an angle of 15.5 degrees.
Two conclusions immediately follow from this. Firstly, if the pyramids of Giza were built immediately after the Flood, then in the case of the same authorship of the two objects, the construction of the complex in Teotihuacan was carried out immediately before the Flood. In other words, Teotihuacan is an antediluvian structure (in the literal sense), which is indirectly confirmed by myths.
“One of the [Aztec] legends tells that one day the whole Earth was plunged into darkness - only the sacred fire remained burning in Teotihuacan. Then the gods gathered at a council in Teotihuacan and tried to set in motion the stopped Sun and Moon. According to different versions of the legend, the gods shot with a bow, then the wind god blew to move the Sun. One way or another, the Sun and Moon began to move again, and the world was saved. From this legend, the Aztecs formed the idea that time stopped at some point, and then. began to move again. Since then, they have associated the pyramids of Teotihuacan with the Sun and the Moon. It seems that the pyramids of the Sun and the Moon were built to commemorate the day when the Sun did not rise. Was this a real event, and if so, when. it happened?" (ibid.).
This legend is clearly associated with the events of the Flood, and from its content it follows that Teotihuacan was already built (!!!) by this time, i.e. it is an antediluvian building... And since its entire layout corresponds to a single plan, it is unlikely that the pyramids were built much later than this event - most likely, they formed a single whole with all other structures and at the same time played the main functional role.
And secondly, based on this reference to Teotihuacan, it becomes possible to more accurately determine the location of the old North Pole: if both complexes were so strictly tied to the geographic grid and both are so similar, it is logical to assume that Teotihuacan was located before the Flood (i.e. before the “slippage”) "of the earth's crust) at the same latitude as the Giza complex is now located (relative to the modern North Pole)
Measuring in the direction of 15.5 degrees from Teotihuacan the same distance as Giza is from the modern North Pole, we get a point with approximate coordinates of 51 degrees west longitude and 71 degrees north latitude
It was in this place that the North Pole was supposedly located before the fall of a meteorite in the 11th millennium BC, which caused a powerful cataclysm on the surface of our planet, although, of course, making allowance for errors in the assessments, it is necessary to expand the area of location of the “antediluvian” north pole to 2-3 degrees (which is significantly better than the range of several tens of degrees for previous estimates).
10. Climate consequences of the Flood
The found pole displacement - 2100 km - turns out to be close to the lower limit of the range (2-3 thousand km) of preliminary estimates obtained based on climate change.
However, even such a “minimal” displacement is in fact sufficient to ensure the climate change that has taken place, if we take into account the important role not so much of the purely “latitudinal” displacement of the crust, but of the changes in the temperature regime of the oceans caused by it, which (according to modern science) is one of decisive factors in shaping the climate on our planet.
For example, for the Northern Hemisphere (see
The current relatively “warm” regime of the Arctic Ocean is largely ensured by the warm Atlantic Gulf Stream Current, penetrating far to the north.
The location of the North Pole in the area of Greenland (in the area of calculated coordinates) sets a completely different temperature regime in the northern part of the Atlantic, which could well result in both a different direction of the current itself and its temperature. And indeed, according to available data “it is known... that the direction of the warm Gulf Stream changed during this period” (V. Babakin, “The Biggest Mysteries of the Past”), which may well be a consequence of the “slippage” of the earth’s crust and the melting of the ice of the “old” pole.
For the southern hemisphere
we have just the opposite picture. The modern cold climate of Antarctica is ensured, in particular, by the fact that around the continent in the ocean a closed ring of cold currents is formed, preventing the penetration of warm equatorial waters to the south.
The “antediluvian” position of the South Pole sets a completely different heating regime, providing at the same time a different regime of ocean currents, which could well lead to the fact that a significant part of Antarctica was free from ice (as already mentioned), and rivers flowed there and life flourished.
Thus, the overall results of the calculations give a picture very close to the available objective data.
11. Astronomical analysis of eyewitness testimony
A more accurate determination of the location of the “antediluvian” North Pole allows us to more accurately determine the place of the meteorite fall, which, as already mentioned, should be on the same line with all four poles (old and new South and North Poles).
From the calculated position of the old North Pole it follows that the meteorite fell on a meridian close to 130 degrees east longitude. It is in this area that the depression in the center of the Philippine Sea is located (see.
Knowing the exact location of the meteorite fall and the displacement of the Earth's poles during this fall allows us to conduct another analysis of mythological data.
Among the ancient American Indians, the events of the Flood were often associated with the symbolism of lightning. But just as the natives of Australia and Oceania called the atmospheric trail of a meteorite that fell in the Philippine Sea region a “rainbow,” so the American Indians could well have used the image of “lightning” for this. And although the distance between the area of the ancient civilization of South America and the Philippine Sea corresponds to a ten-hour time difference, it turns out that the Indians could well have seen a meteorite falling from the southeast into the area of the current Philippine Sea.
Let's take a closer look at what the myths say about this...
"Andean mythology names the year - and even the hours, between dusk and dawn leading to the sunrise of the June solstice - when the whole world was destroyed by the 'flood'" (W. Sullivan, "Secrets of the Incas").
"...that area of the sky that was associated with the Western Gemini in their intersection with the Milky Way is associated in Andean mythology with the place of origin of the celestial fire" (ibid.).
“The Aztec god of war, Huitzilopochtli, who was identified with the sun, was born in a struggle with his brothers, the “four hundred southern stars,” who sought in vain to kill him” (ibid.).
“In Quiché-Mayan legend, the Pleiades are most often referred to as the “four hundred boys.” In projecting a sense of danger onto the life of the Sun, expressed in the “warlike” actions of the sphere of the fixed stars, the Aztec myth makes a peculiar allusion to the role of the Pleiades in the death of the Fourth Sun” (there same).
But it is precisely the “death of the Fourth Sun” that corresponds to the Flood in Andean myths...
As you can see, mythology mentions three celestial objects in connection with the Flood: the Pleiades cluster, the constellation Taurus and the constellation Gemini. But the Pleiades are located in the constellation Taurus, which is adjacent to Gemini. This means that we are talking about the same part of the starry sky.
The constellation Taurus is now also known for the fact that one of the largest meteorite showers falls on the Earth from its region every year. This occurs between October 20 and November 30.
If we take into account only the precession of the earth's orbit, we can obtain that in the 11th millennium BC. This meteor shower was supposed to hit the Earth in the month of May. But if we assume for this time the possibility of a slightly different intersection of the Earth’s orbit with the orbit of the Taurus meteor shower (see.
or the presence of precession of the orbit of the meteor shower itself, then the fall of a meteorite in the month of June from precisely this meteor shower associated with the Pleiades and Taurus is quite likely (although, by and large, the “origin” of the meteorite does not matter, and it may not be included in given meteor shower).
Further. A fairly accurate knowledge of the displacement of the earth's crust as a result of "slippage" and knowledge of the precession of the earth's orbit make it possible to reproduce (at least roughly) the appearance of the starry sky at any point on the Earth, both after the Flood and before it. This analysis was carried out by the author using the RedShift computer program from Maris Multimedia (see below) for the Andes and Philippine Sea region for the moment of the meteorite fall, based on the time indicated in the myths.
An approximate view of the western part of the starry sky for the Andes region at dusk before dawn on the June solstice in the first half of the 11th millennium BC. (provided that the meteorite has not yet fallen) taking into account precession and further “slippage” of the crust is shown in
shows an approximate view of the starry sky when observed at the same point in time from the Philippine Sea area.
From the given figures it is clear that, firstly, at the moment of time indicated by mythology, both the constellation Gemini and the constellation Taurus (together with the Pleiades included in it) are located in the southeast of the Philippine Sea, which coincides with a certain direction of the trajectory of the fallen meteorite.
Secondly, from the Andes region, at the same moment, this section of the starry sky appears slightly south of the western point of the horizon, which coincides with the position of the area of the modern Philippine Sea, but even before the “slippage” of the earth’s crust.
Falling against the background of the constellation Taurus in a place where the constellation Gemini had just set, the meteorite that caused the Flood could well have given the American Indians grounds to “blame” the Pleiades, the constellation Taurus and the constellation Gemini for causing the cataclysm with darkness that “swallowed the Fourth Sun.”
Let us also note that the moment of time, which for South America refers to twilight before dawn, corresponds to day in Europe. Thus, the time of the cataclysm indicated in Andean mythology is quite consistent with the Greek legend of Phaeton, according to which the events took place in broad daylight.
“...the whole earth saw with amazement how the magnificent Sun, instead of following its eternal and majestic path, suddenly tumbled and flew headlong down like a meteor...” (legend of Phaeton).
There are other eyewitnesses of the cataclysm who provide us with another piece of data for analysis.
“On the islands of Palau, located in the far west of Oceania, not far from the Philippines, they say that the gods sent down a flood on people for their sins during the full moon” (N. Mamuna, “Zodiac of Mysteries”).
"... one of the Polynesian legends says: “And so, at the time of the full moon, a strong storm broke out with rain. The sea began to rise higher and higher, flooding the islands, tearing apart mountains and demolishing all human habitation. The people did not know where to save themselves, and every single one of them perished, except for one righteous woman who was saved on the raft" (ibid.).
Indeed, if the Indians of the Andes observed the fall of a meteorite in the pre-dawn hours, and if there was a full moon on that day, then the natives of the Western Pacific could well see the full Moon in the sky (at that moment it was evening for them).
But how likely is such a coincidence: a meteorite falls on the day of the summer solstice, and even during a full moon?.. It turns out that this too may well be...
Considering that the length of the earth's year is 365.256 days, and the complete change of phases of the Moon occurs after 29.53 days, one can easily determine that on the same day of the calendar year, every 19 years, the Moon is in the same phase. And moreover, during this 19-year cycle, the Moon is in the same phase twice more on the same calendar day - 8 and 11 years after the start of the 19-year cycle.
But this is not entirely accurate. In fact, there is some slow shift in the date of a specific phase of the Moon: say, the full moon gradually comes a little later from cycle to cycle. As RedShift shows, this results in an additional cycle of approximately 535 years.
Further. It is also necessary to take into account that for an ordinary observer the full moon does not represent a one-time event (as, say, for an astronomer or astrologer). Usually, if clouds do not interfere, we see an almost “full” Moon for three to four days every month.
Taking into account all of the above, it turns out that as a result of the existing rotation of the Moon around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun, a period of approximately 60 years is formed, during which an almost full Moon can be observed on the day of the summer solstice at least 10 times. Then there comes a break of almost 500 years, during which there is practically no coincidence of the full moon with the summer solstice.
Estimated calculations using the RedShift program give the following result: in the 11th millennium BC. A similar “full moon period on the summer solstice” occurred twice: from 11015 to 10955 BC. and from 10480 to 10420 BC. As you can see, the period from 10480 to 10420 BC. consistent with the estimated time of the meteorite's fall. Indeed, the inhabitants of the western part of the Pacific Ocean could observe the full Moon directly on the day (more precisely, the evening) of the Flood.
Thus, “cross-examination” of eyewitnesses in three regions of the Earth remote from each other (Greece, Oceania, South America) reveals almost complete coincidence of testimony...
12. New characters
In general, we can say that the Myth of the Flood in its multiple versions turns out to be some form of stylized and fairly detailed chronicle of real events that took place on our planet in the 11th millennium BC. And if many details of this chronicle withstand various tests of reliability (or, at least, logic and consistency), then we are simply obliged to take other details of this historical heritage very, very seriously.
In particular, almost all versions of the Flood Myth indicate the participation in the events described of certain intelligent beings, sharply different from people both in abilities and in level of development. Most often they appear under the name “gods,” but it must be borne in mind that with the exception of later versions of the story of the Flood (like the Old Testament), this term implies a different content than in our days. The gods of ancient myths are more like people than some kind of all-pervading, all-generating and all-determining unknowable being of modern religions.
Of course, one can remain in the position of official history, which categorically rejects taking seriously descriptions of creatures that also have “supernatural” (from the point of view of modern science) abilities, and continue to consider such creatures only the product of the religious fantasies of our ancestors. This is a personal matter for each reader... The author prefers to adhere to the point of view that every myth - be it science, religion or ancient tradition - contains a grain of historical truth, and it is only necessary to correctly “separate the wheat from the chaff.”
The theme of gods in mythology is extremely multifaceted and practically inexhaustible... We will be interested here in only some aspects of their essence and activities relating to the period of human history under consideration. And above all, actions related directly to the cataclysm of the 11th millennium BC.
Many versions of the Flood Myth indicate that just before the cataclysm, the gods warn people about the impending disaster and show them ways of salvation. Both from this fact itself and from the details of the description of these events, several conclusions can already be drawn.
And above all: the gods knew about the cataclysm in advance.
According to one version (quite widespread), the gods themselves deliberately caused the Flood in order to destroy the people who had sinned before them. Such an inhumane act exposes the representatives of the higher intelligence (i.e. the gods) in a very unsightly form, but in their “justification” we can say that this version prevails only in later versions of myths, in which there is a very high probability of distortion of the events that took place in such a distant reality.
And although the author himself is very skeptical about this version of the causes of the cataclysm of the 11th millennium BC, it should be noted that it can be quite correctly compatible with the “meteorite nature” of the Flood. Indeed, as a tool for realizing bad intentions, the gods, be they supernatural beings or simply representatives of a highly developed civilization, could well choose an asteroid of the appropriate size and correct its orbit...
According to another version, the cataclysm was only a by-product of the internal squabbles between the gods themselves (which also does not exclude the meteorite cause of the Flood).
"...the epic poem Atrahasis states that the biblical "god" was not really "one God" but "many gods." Further, this narrative, detailed on tablets, states that "they are these gods “they did not send the Flood intentionally. In fact, at the council of the gods it was decided that the approach of the Flood, which the gods were unable to prevent, should be kept secret from people” (A. Alford, “Gods of the New Millennium”).
"The Epic of Gilgamesh contains a lively and dramatic account of the final preparations, and the hero is ordered to watch the departure of the gods themselves [due to the Flood]... After... the waters calmed, the gods returned to Earth" (ibid.) .
Finding themselves as unwitting witnesses to the meeting of the Earth with an asteroid, the gods for some reason were unable (or perhaps did not want) to prevent this cosmic event. But, being very educated creatures (as almost all myths indicate), they were able to predict or calculate its consequences.
Noteworthy is the fact that the “divine” warnings almost completely correspond to the consequences that actually took place. So, say, for areas located near the sea coast or in lowlands, the greatest threat was posed by water disasters (tsunami and/or rising sea levels). Residents of these areas received a warning from the gods specifically about the “flood”, along with a recommendation for rescue by boat.
In India “Vishna [god] warned Manu [man] about the coming flood. He sent him a large ship and ordered him to load a pair of all living creatures and the seeds of all plants into it, and then sit there himself” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”) .
"Arne Pebel published in 1914 a translation of a Sumerian tablet kept in Philadelphia, in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. They tell that the pious and pious king Ziusurda received instructions from Utu (the sun god) and sets off on a ship to escape the Flood that was raging seven days and seven nights" (V. Batsalev, A. Varakin, "Secrets of Archeology").
In some foothill regions of South America, close to the sea, ships and boats were not needed, and people received advice from the gods to escape the Flood on high mountains.
For regions located inland or high above sea level, the water element was not terrible; A “shock winter” could have had much more dangerous consequences. It is here (according to the myths of the South American Andes and the Iranian Plateau) that the gods warn people about the approaching cold, recommend building warm shelters and stocking up on provisions.
In the area of the meteorite fall (the region around the Philippine Sea), there are practically no mentions of any warnings to people from the gods in mythology. This is understandable: there was very, very little chance for anyone to survive here...
Such “insight” of the gods does not require them to have any supernatural abilities, since even the modern knowledge of our civilization makes it possible to calculate the time and place of the fall of a meteorite when it (God forbid!) approaches the Earth at a dangerous distance, as well as to assess the possible consequences similar event. The gods, judging by the myths, were far superior to our level of development in a number of positions...
Thus, the presence of additional characters in the mythology of the Flood does not contradict the logic of the realism of the historical picture. Even the mention that the gods after the cataclysm “returned the waters to their place,” “dispersed the clouds,” “placed the Sun, Moon and stars back in the sky” does not necessarily require the gods to have supernatural abilities. If you have a developed system for observing and forecasting geological and climatic processes, then by calculating in advance any events (say, the cessation of “slippage” of the earth’s crust or the onset of clear weather), you can present them in the eyes of primitive viewers as the “result” of your own actions and use this in your own interests. And the fact that the acts of the gods in ancient myths are often very far from selfless acts is unlikely to be seriously challenged by anyone...
13. Architecture of the "Flood Period"
Now it is time to return to the landmarks on the basis of which the author determined the probable position of the North Pole before the “slippage” of the earth’s crust (i.e., before the Flood): the buildings of Teotihuacan and the pyramids on the Giza Plateau. Taking the 11th millennium BC as the date of their construction, the author came into sharp conflict with the official historical point of view, according to which the pyramids of the Giza plateau were built only in the 3rd millennium BC, and the Teotihuacan complex even later.
The author hopes that the reader is able to calmly accept such a historical “heresy”, taking into account the fact that recent geological and archaeoastronomical studies also date the construction of at least the Sphinx and the pyramids on the Giza plateau to the 11th millennium BC. (see earlier). In addition, our ancestors, eyewitnesses of the events themselves, defend this point of view.
So, let’s say, the Indians of Teotihuacan not only categorically rejected their own participation in its construction, but also pointed to the gods as the authors of the construction. Moreover, it was from the pyramids of Teotihuacan and with their help, as mythology says, that the gods restored order in the sky after the Flood, which sets a fairly strict time reference to the period of the cataclysm (XI millennium BC) and allows for the “antediluvian” construction of this complex.
The ancient Egyptians were equally categorical about both the Sphinx and the pyramids on the Giza plateau.
"...the Egyptians themselves more than once emphasized that the Sphinx is much older than Khafre... that one of the inscriptions of the IV dynasty, to which Pharaoh Khafre belonged, spoke of the Sphinx as a monument, the mystery of whose origin is lost in the darkness of time; that it was found by chance during the IV dynasty" (V. Babakin, "The Greatest Mysteries of the Past").
“The Egyptians believed that the gods, with the participation of the “god of wisdom Thoth” himself, built the pyramid in Giza during the “golden age”, when the gods lived on earth...” (R. Bauval, E. Gilbert, “Secrets of the Pyramids”) .
“The inventory stela, as it was called, was found in Giza in the 19th century by the French archaeologist Auguste Mariette. Its appearance caused the effect of a bomb exploding, because from its text it clearly followed that the Great Sphinx and the Great Pyramid (and some other structures on plateau) existed long before Khufu sat on the throne. The inscription also called Isis “Mistress of the Pyramid,” meaning that the monument was dedicated to the goddess of magic, and not to Khufu” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
It is strange that official historical science also prefers not to notice the obvious contradiction between the “namelessness” of the Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza and the downright pathological desire of ambitious pharaohs to appropriate the authorship of the majestic buildings of their ancestors (official Egyptology has no doubt that the pharaohs have such a tradition). Indeed, despite the extremely high saturation of inscriptions in the vast majority of the monuments of Ancient Egypt, neither the Sphinx nor the pyramids of Giza have any identifying marks of authorship (the only inscription found inside the Great Pyramid is now recognized as an archaeological falsification).
It’s even stranger that official history categorically does not want to notice the technological “nonsense” found in these structures. For example, the incredible degree of precision achieved by the ancient builders in the Great Pyramid is widely known. And this perfection of execution is not limited to the already mentioned above-mentioned accuracy of the orientation of the pyramid to the cardinal points.
"While confidently and efficiently playing with more than six million tons of stone, creating galleries, chambers, shafts and corridors, achieving almost perfect orientation at key points, the mysterious builders of the Great Pyramid found time for other tricks, including the size of the huge monument" ( G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
"...the dimensions of the slabs [cladding] are maintained with an accuracy of about 0.2 millimeters, and the joints are adjusted so that it is impossible to insert the blades of a penknife into them. "Even just laying the slabs with such precision is an achievement, but doing it with a cement binder is a thing almost impossible "(W.M. Flinders Petrie)" (ibid.).
"...the southeast corner is slightly short of the right angle and is 89 degrees 56'27". The size of the northeast corner is 90 degrees 3'2", the southwest 89 degrees 56'27", but the northwest is missing two seconds (89 degrees 59'58")" (ibid.).
“...the base of the Great Pyramid of Cheops has... less than a centimeter slope over 230 meters, which is an error of approximately 0.004 percent” (Ya. Malina, R. Malinova, “Natural disasters and aliens from outer space”).
The highest level of skill of the ancient builders can be seen not only in the “external” characteristics of the pyramid, but also in its internal structure (see.
“The accuracy of laying out the corridor is amazing: along its entire length, from top to bottom, the average deviation from the straight line does not exceed six millimeters on the walls, eight on the ceiling” (H. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
And this is subject to the inclination of huge blocks!!!
“The dimensions of the sarcophagus [in the king’s chamber] were not without some mathematical games. Thus, its internal volume is 1166.4 liters, the external volume is exactly twice as large - 2332.8 liters. Such accuracy (to the fifth significant digit) cannot be considered a coincidence, Moreover, the walls... were processed by craftsmen of the highest qualifications and experience with precision that only modern machines can provide" (ibid.).
“This, of course, is an outstanding accuracy. And like almost everything connected with the Great Pyramid, it is very difficult to explain. Such precise construction technology (its accuracy is at the level of the best modern models) could only be formed after thousands of years of development and experimentation. However, in There are no traces of such an evolutionary process in Egypt. The Great Pyramid and its neighbors at Giza emerged as if from a black hole in the history of architecture, so deep and wide that neither its bottom nor its sides are visible" (ibid.).
"Why is it that in a supposedly 'primitive' stone monument, built over 4,500 years ago, we encounter a strange, all-consuming desire to meet the standards of precision of the times of machine civilization?" (ibid.).
Neglecting all these “details,” official historical science stubbornly continues to attribute the construction of the Giza pyramids to the ancient Egyptians of the pharaohs of the IV dynasty (III millennium BC).
Just imagine this picture: people who cultivate the earth with stone or, at best, copper hoes, are able to erect gigantic structures with incredible precision, while producing on an industrial scale what our modern civilization is capable of doing only in one-piece units.
“Only one pyramid of Cheops used about 6.3 million tons of stone blocks cut out in quarries and carefully processed” (R. Bauval, E. Gilbert, “Secrets of the Pyramids”).
“Occupying an area of 5.4 hectares, it weighs over six million tons... and consists... of 2.3 million blocks of limestone and granite. To this was once added 8.9 hectares of mirror-smooth cladding...” (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
“The construction of each lining block with an area of twenty square meters is equivalent to polishing the mirror of a telescope on Mount Palomar (USA). To understand the greatness of the work of the Egyptians, it is enough to remember that there were twenty-seven thousand such blocks. Thousands of years ago they managed to mass-produce what modern industry produces building materials only under the handmade brand" (N. Nepomnyashchiy, "In the Footsteps of Giants").
A civilization based on primitive agriculture and animal husbandry, not yet even aware of ferrous metallurgy (i.e., iron production), turns out to be capable of erecting huge structures oriented to the cardinal directions at the limit of the capabilities of modern geodetic instruments.
People who are not familiar with higher mathematics and the simplest physical laws find and implement design solutions that are perfect from the point of view of strength of materials.
"An example... of the art [of the builders] was demonstrated by heavy floor blocks - each of them was laid slightly steeper than the overall angle of inclination of the gallery. According to the leading archaeologist and surveyor Flinders Petrie, this was done "so that the lower corner of each stone fit into the groove , carved into the top of the wall, like a pawl in a ratchet wheel; accordingly, not a single stone presses on the previous one, and their pressure is not summed up over the entire roof; each stone is held separately by the side walls" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods").
Even more striking is the technical analysis of the traces of processing of the granite from which the “sarcophagus” in the king’s chamber was made.
“[The sarcophagus was cut from a granite block of very high hardness with a completely unknown tool]. Even greater mystery surrounds the processing of the internal cavity of the sarcophagus, which is much more difficult than cutting from a block of rock” (ibid.).
“The magnitude of the cutting forces is worthy of surprise, as evidenced by the speed with which drills and saws passed through the stone; apparently, when drilling granite with 100 mm drills, they were subjected to a load of at least 1-2 tons. Granite core No. 7 has a spiral the mark left by the cutting tool has a step along the axis of the hole equal to an inch (25.4 mm), with a hole circumference of 6 inches (152.4 mm); this corresponds to an amazing cutting speed... This geometry of the spiral marks cannot be explained by anything, except that the drill was fed under a huge load..." (ibid.).
The nature of the surface treatment of the “sarcophagus” requires, in order to obtain the achieved result (from the point of view of modern technology), the use in its manufacture... of an ultrasonic drill or a gas-dynamic laser!!! And the Egyptians allegedly did this with copper instruments...
Instead of being fantastic, the picture becomes more and more delusional...
I would like to advise historians to at least occasionally get acquainted with the technical achievements of our civilization and consult with specialists from other fields. Then their reconstruction of the past will at least have less absurdities...
In the meantime, we can state that the version of the myths according to the authorship of the Giza pyramids in the person of the gods turns out to be much closer to normal logic than official Egyptology. And the more technical and structural details found in the pyramids of Giza (as well as in the pyramids of Teotihuacan), the more arguments the point of view accrues, according to which man simply could not build these structures.
With this conclusion, all logical contradictions are resolved by themselves, since in determining the dating of the construction of the Giza and Teotihuacan complex, we cease to be bound by the current level of development of the human civilization known to us. In this case, the version of the construction of Teotihuacan and the Giza complex in the 11th millennium BC. ceases to produce a shocking impression, and the epicenter of strong emotions moves to the question of the presence on Earth in these ancient times of a certain highly developed civilization of “gods”, whom our ancestors did not even try to call people.
14. A little more “heresy”
The first question that automatically arises in this case is: what is this highly developed civilization and where did it come from?..
If we discard the absolutely mystical answers to this question, it turns out that at present there are only two versions. According to one of them, previously on our planet there existed a human race of certain Atlanteans, which reached the highest level of development and died during the Flood.
We will not consider here all the many arguments for and against the existence of Atlanteans, since this topic can be analyzed for a very long time, and we will limit ourselves to only a few considerations.
If we proceed from the theory of “slippage” of the earth’s crust and the hypothesis of the meteorite nature of the cataclysm of the 11th millennium BC, then we must recognize the impossibility of preserving (or obtaining) the exact geographical orientation of the Giza complex if it was built before the Flood (see above). And if, as we believe, the Giza pyramids were built after the “slippage” of the Earth’s crust, i.e. after the Flood, then the version of their construction by the Atlanteans contradicts the most basic position of the hypothesis about Atlantis - the position about the death of the Atlanteans during the Flood. You can’t build something material without dying first...
Adherents of the reality of Atlantis sometimes put forward the following assumption: the pyramids were built by the few Atlanteans who survived the flood, whose civilization was unable to recover from such a cataclysm and gradually degraded to a primitive state. But if there is the strength and opportunity to create such unique structures as the Giza complex, then why is there not enough strength (or intelligence) to preserve knowledge and revive civilization instead of returning to a primitive existence?.. And this attempt by the Atlantists to “save face” turns out to be contrary to the elementary logic.
Another hypothesis about a highly developed civilization of antiquity is based on its extraterrestrial origin. And no matter how “fantastic” it may seem, no matter how frightened it may be to people who do not allow into their consciousness the very fact of the possibility of the existence of a more developed civilization and its contact in ancient times with humanity, the author is inclined to adhere to precisely this hypothesis.
Firstly, because it is precisely the version of alien authorship of both the Giza and Teotihuacan complex and many other so-called megalithic structures of antiquity (which we are not considering here) that, upon careful examination, turns out to be the least contradictory to the available archaeological data than any other version that exists at all.
And secondly, because mythology (the veracity of which we have already become sufficiently convinced of) almost directly points to the extraterrestrial origin of the authors of the gigantic structures of the past.
“...the Sumerians... called their gods AN.UNNA.KI, which literally means: “Those who descended from Heaven to Earth”” (A. Elford, “Gods of the New Millennium”).
We are not able to cover here all aspects of the hypothesis (and for the author, the fact) of the presence of an extraterrestrial civilization on Earth in the past due to the extreme breadth of this topic. Therefore, we will dwell only on those issues that are related to the era of the 11th millennium BC under consideration here. And even more narrowly: on the issues of construction by an extraterrestrial civilization of objects of the Giza and Teotihuacan complex.
15. The purpose of the giant construction
One of the main questions that researchers inevitably ask about giant structures of antiquity is the purpose of these objects.
"... the greatest interest is the reason for the appearance of such structures, which no one had created before the Egyptians. Why was it necessary to build them so large and at the same time calculate all the proportions with such amazing accuracy" (R. Bauval, R. Gilbert, "Secrets of the Pyramids") .
The officially recognized point of view is, unfortunately, limited to only the two most primitive versions, according to which the colossal monuments of the past were created either as the tombs of the pharaohs, or for ritual (read religious) purposes. However, neither in the buildings of Teotihuacan nor in the pyramids of Giza have so far been discovered not only any human remains or ritual objects, but generally no evidence of such a purpose. And the more details researchers learn about the Teotihuacan complex and the Giza plateau, the less inclined they are to support these primitive versions.
First of all, neither the enormous size of the structures, nor the highest precision of their construction and orientation are so necessary for religious objects to undertake those colossal efforts that (even just from a technological point of view) must be spent to achieve the results that we advanced civilization is difficult to achieve.
The details of the structures can generally confuse anyone. For example, in the pyramids of Teotihuacan, a whole drainage system of watercourses of unknown purpose was found. Relatively recently, it was discovered that the coating of the so-called Street of the Dead has waterproofing properties (that is, it has the ability to retain water). And in some “temples”, as it turned out, for some reason the builders even used mica...
“[It is surprising] the discovery of a thick layer of mica between the two upper levels of the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan during restoration work in 1906. ... Later, mica was still found in Teotihuacan (in the Mica Temple)” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
"Mica Temple: Just below a floor paved with heavy stone slabs, archaeologists... discovered two massive sheets of mica, carefully laid in the distant past by people who clearly knew how to cut and discard this material. The large sheets of mica were laid in two layers, one on another" (ibid.).
“Mica, as you know, is not a generally accepted material for flooring. Moreover, here it was laid under it, hidden from view, which seems completely inexplicable, especially since such a building structure was not found not only in ancient America, but nowhere in general in world" (ibid.).
“The elemental composition of mica found in Teotihuacan shows that these sheets belong to a type that is found only in Brazil, more than 3,000 kilometers away. It is clear that the builders of the temple needed just such mica, for it they were ready to go God knows where; otherwise they could easily use mica from nearby deposits" (ibid.).
Two fairly obvious conclusions immediately follow from the last fact.
Firstly, builders needed mica for some purposes unknown to us, which may well be somehow related to the specific properties of mica.
"...since the method of their [mica sheets] installation obviously excludes a decorative function, we have to assume that according to the project some other tasks were assigned to them. It should be borne in mind that mica has a number of properties that make it especially attractive for some technical applications. In modern industry it is used in capacitors, is valued as thermal and electrical insulation. It is opaque to fast neutrons and can be used as a nuclear reaction moderator" (ibid.).
This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that the builders needed mica of exactly the same composition that was used in Teotihuacan (after all, there are mica deposits closer).
And secondly, it was important for the builders to link it to the exact place where Teotihuacan is located. Otherwise, it would be possible to build this complex in Brazil itself, closer to the deposit of the required mica.
The Pyramids of Giza also have many “strange” details, of which we will consider only a small part using the example of the Great Pyramid (see.
First of all, it seems that the Great Pyramid was not originally intended for human use at all. Despite its majestic size, it has “passages”, a significant part of which can only be moved bent over (their height is just over a meter).
The ascending and descending “corridors”, as well as the Great Gallery, are known to have a strictly verified angle of inclination of 26 degrees, which is exactly half the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid itself. And although this slope was clearly important to the builders, who maintained it with fantastic precision, it is completely inconvenient to move. In particular, in order to climb the Great Gallery, modern visitors to the Great Pyramid use artificial flooring, which allows them to avoid the inconvenience of crawling along a smoothly polished inclined floor.
Even in horizontal “passages” you have to either jump from the “parapet”, or bend under overhanging granite slabs, or overcome strange “dips” in the floor...
With all these “inconveniences,” the main elements of the internal structure of the pyramid also have precise orientation to the cardinal directions and perfection of execution, like the entire Great Pyramid as a whole.
Numerous “strange” details of the interior (niches, shafts, symmetrical recesses, recesses, etc.) are increasingly causing researchers to associate the pyramid with some kind of technical device rather than with a tomb or temple.
This impression is greatly enhanced by analyzing the characteristics of the building materials used. So, if the main part of the blocks of the Great Pyramid was made of limestone, then granite (often carefully polished) was used for the most “important” elements of the internal structure.
“According to the president of NPA Granul, Doctor of Technical Sciences Yuri Karasev, natural materials, such as marble and granite, are not only not subject to corrosion and are practically eternal, but are also absolutely harmless to health. From a scientific point of view, everything is simple: their full-crystalline structure is not allows neither to absorb nor conduct any energy" ("Arguments and Facts").
That is, in other words, granite is a good insulator. And this property of granite in a certain way echoes the above-mentioned properties of mica used in Teotihuacan. Another similarity between the two complexes...
But if the pyramids of Giza and the complex in Teotihuacan are some kind of “technical devices”, then what is the result of their “work”?.. Myths on this matter are expressed largely vaguely and vaguely (from the point of view of modern science), but very definitely.
“According to [Central American legends], the City of the Gods was so called because the rulers buried there after death did not decay, but turned into gods... In other words, it was “the place where people became gods.” In addition, this place was known as “the abode of those who know the way to the gods” and “the place where gods are made”” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
"Is it a mere coincidence ... that the same religious purpose was pursued by the three pyramids at Giza? The ancient hieroglyphic Pyramid Texts, the oldest written records in the world, leave no room for doubt about the ultimate purpose of the rituals performed in these colossal structures: to produce reincarnation of the deceased pharaoh, “to open the gates of the firmament and pave the way” along which he could “ascend into the community of the gods” (ibid.).
In order to find at least some meaning here, it is necessary to remember that in the traditions of almost all known mythologies, it was not the person himself who could “go to heaven” or “become a god,” but only his “soul.”
Leaving aside the discussion about the very existence of such a phenomenon as the “soul,” we note that supporters of the reality of the “soul” consider its manifestations to be those abilities and properties of a person that modern science correlates with the so-called mental activity of people. In particular, not only with the sphere of the mind, but also with the field of emotions, internal experiences and sensations. And from this point of view, the subjective impressions of researchers of the Great Pyramid become interesting.
“...I am not the first who stood at the base of the Grand Gallery in the grip of a strange sensation, as if I was “inside some kind of device”” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
“After walking 2.7 meters through the tunnel, you find yourself in the king’s chamber, a large, dark red room made entirely of granite, which creates an atmosphere of great energy and power” (ibid.).
"...Napoleon Bonaparte stayed here [in the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid] for the night during the conquest of Egypt at the end of the 18th century. The next morning he appeared pale and shocked, having experienced something that deeply disturbed him; he later never I didn’t say that” (ibid.).
The subjective sensations of people who have so-called “extrasensory” abilities (or who believe that they have similar abilities) agree on one thing: in the Teotihuacan complex and on the Giza plateau there are powerful energy flows that are clearly associated with the pyramids.
As for the more objective (from the point of view of modern science) data, they also turn out to be very interesting.
"...[lying in the sarcophagus] I folded my hands on my chest and raised my voice at a low note. I had already tried to do this at other points in the king’s chamber, and the walls seemed to collect the sound, amplify it and return it to me, so that I could feel the returning vibrations in the soles of the feet, the crown of the head and the skin" (ibid.).
“In the sarcophagus, I felt about the same thing, only the amplification and concentration of vibrations were many times more intense. The feeling was as if you were in the resonance chamber of some gigantic musical instrument, designed to sound forever on one reverberating note. The sound was intense..." (ibid.).
But the most impressive are the results of numerous experiments conducted by various researchers with structures and models with a pyramidal shape. The impetus for these experiments, as often happens, was random curiosity.
“When the Frenchman Bovy visited the Great Pyramid, he noticed in the King’s Tomb in the trash cans of dead cats and other small animals that accidentally wandered into the pyramid and died there. Their corpses looked rather strange: there was no smell and there were no visible signs of decomposition. Surprised By this phenomenon, Bovey examined the corpses and found that they were dehydrated and mummified, despite the humidity in the room" (N. Nepomnyashchiy, "In the Footsteps of Giants").
"Bovey became interested in the reason for this amazing phenomenon. Assuming that it was all about the shape of a pyramid, he made a wooden model of the Cheops pyramid, the side of the base of which was 90 centimeters, and oriented it strictly north. Inside the pyramid, at one third of the height, he placed a cat that had just died. After a few days, the corpse was mummified. Bovey then experimented with other organic materials, in particular those that would normally deteriorate, such as bovine brains. The products did not deteriorate, and Bovey concluded that the pyramid shape had miraculous properties. "(ibid.).
This result was later confirmed experimentally by other researchers.
Let us note here that in the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, mummification of the bodies of the dead was of utmost importance for preserving his soul and ascension to heaven (with which the pyramids, including those on the Giza plateau, were directly connected)...
Further experiments with the pyramidal shape revealed even more fantastic effects.
The use of pyramids in agriculture (pyramidal granaries and greenhouses) made it possible to achieve an increase in yields by several tens (!) percent compared to the control group.
“...in the formations under the pyramids, the viscosity of the oil dropped sharply, and accordingly, the production rate of the wells increased” (ibid.).
"...what happens in the pyramid with salt crystals. They... for some reason begin to grow very quickly, acquiring the most perfect forms" (ibid.).
"...we tried to grow garnet crystals in... a pyramid, which is used in laser technology. But during the first experiment, all the crucibles in which the charge was placed unexpectedly burned out. Then several more. It turned out that the processed charge received an additional, incommensurable amount in the pyramid with the calculated energy... several very expensive platinum-iridium crucibles burned out before scientists figured out to sharply lower the temperature of drawing the crystals from the melt. It turned out that the new crystals have some kind of special spectrum. No one can explain where the previously unseen lines came from. could" (ibid.).
“Diamonds synthesized from graphite, which lay in a pyramid... for about a week, turned out to be purer and harder than ordinary ones, and more perfect in shape” (ibid.).
“In his “First Practical Book of Pyramids,” Norman Stark published a report from the Institute of Water and Soil Science at Arizona Agricultural University. This report describes all the differences in the properties of ordinary and irradiated water in the pyramid. Running water, placed in the pyramid for a day, noticeably improved its qualities. This The phenomenon was also confirmed by professional doctors, who reported that water in some cases even had a healing effect on the stomach. He also noticed that the water that had absorbed the energy of the pyramid tasted like pure spring water" (ibid.).
The strongest influence of the pyramid shape on electromagnetic fields was also discovered. This effect may well have been responsible for the failure of a recent attempt to search for unknown voids inside the Great Pyramid using electromagnetic sounding. The researchers were unable to decipher the images obtained during sounding due to severe distortion of the signals passing through the pyramid.
And although modern physics is not able to explain the so-called “pyramid effect,” very serious scientific personnel are now involved in its study. For us, only some established properties of the pyramids will be important.
In particular, it was revealed that not only the shape of the pyramid is important, but also its proportions, as well as the orientation of the pyramid to the cardinal points.
“Pyramids of different angles and different structures (for example, with a dome) also generate energy. However, the model of the Cheops pyramid, according to preliminary data, is the most powerful in this sense. Rapid dehydration in it can even kill small animals. And this effect occurs only when the energy of space is concentrated in the form of a beam, which is attracted by the earth’s magnetism. The pyramid only needs to be positioned exactly along the north-south axis, since magnetic fields have precisely this orientation” (ibid.).
Moreover, as numerous studies show, the maximum effects appear in the geometric center of the pyramid and above its top.
Note that the Great Gallery ends in the geometric center of the Great Pyramid - one of the most impressive and carefully executed “details” of the pyramid. Here begins the horizontal passage into the so-called “king’s chamber”, replete with numerous incomprehensible details: differences in height, grooves in the walls, granite lintel, etc.
On the other hand, it was at the top of the Great Pyramid, according to Egyptian mythology, that its most important element was located - the Ben-Ben stone.
"According to legend, Benben fell from the sky. Unfortunately, he was lost so long ago that by the time Sunuseret reigned in 1971 BC, no one remembered his appearance. At this time (the era of the XII dynasty) in memory All that has been preserved is that it had the shape of a pyramid. Hence the geometry of all subsequent obelisks. And the word Ben-ben began to mean the so-called “pyramidion,” or a pointed stone, usually installed at the very top of the pyramid" (G. Hancock, "Traces of the Gods" ).
So, from the point of view of modern knowledge on the “pyramid effect”, one can find the logic in the fact that the ancient builders needed to accurately link the Giza pyramids to a geographic grid, i.e. and to the north pole (as well as the Teotihuacan complex to the “antediluvian” north pole).
And if this effect was just as important to the builders of the pyramids, then it is natural to also inquire about what was above the top of the pyramids - in the place where the influence of the pyramidal shape is maximum, and where a certain Ben-Ben stone was located (according to mythology: fell from the sky, placed by the gods on the top of the Great Pyramid, and after some time removed from there by them).
Since, as myths claim, the pyramids opened the way to the gods, then by turning our gaze to the sky, we can find “the place where the gods live” (i.e., the builders of the complex on the Giza plateau - according to the same myths). In other words, to do this it is necessary to find the astronomical orientation of the Giza pyramids.
Moreover, if the previously cited hypothesis about the relationship of the Giza pyramids with the Teotihuacan complex is correct, then the “antediluvian” astronomical orientation of Teotihuacan coincides with the astronomical orientation of the Giza complex.
16. Calculation of the astronomical orientation of the Giza pyramids
One of the most important celestial events in the vast majority of mythologies of the world is the moment of sunrise on the day of the vernal equinox. Actually, the entire zodiac calendar, which has been known since ancient times and which we still use today, is built based on this event.
We can give many arguments justifying the choice of this moment in time for our calculations, but this would require an extensive excursion into the field of ancient astronomy and mythology, since in almost all ancient cultures there is a connection between religious rituals and the position of the Sun against the background of the starry sky on the day of the vernal equinox . We will refer here only to the remarkable fact that on the day of the vernal equinox in 10450 BC. The Sphinx, which is part of the Giza complex of buildings and has the body of a lion, “looks” precisely at the rising Sun, which at that moment is located precisely in the constellation Leo. Leo in zodiac mythology is a symbol of the era of Leo, a symbol of 10450 BC.
The astronomical orientation of the pyramids at a specified point in time was determined by the author using the RedShift computer program, which makes it possible to reproduce the starry sky in the range only from 4713 BC. to 9999 AD, so the main calculation was carried out for the point of opposition (from the point of view of precession), i.e. for the position of the starry sky in 2460 AD.
Estimated calculations using the RedShift program give the position of the precession pole (the point around which the North Pole of the starry sky rotates) in modern coordinates RA: 17h58m36 s, Dec: 66 o 37’44’’ (region of the planetary Cat’s Eye Nebula). According to the same program, the angular distance between directions to opposite points of the precession circle is 46 o 46’, and the precession period of the earth’s axis is 25,800 years. The change in the position of the celestial north pole due to precession is shown in
Since the current position of the Earth turns out to be almost opposite in the precessional cycle relative to the moment of construction of the Giza pyramids, it is quite easy to assess the conditions for their orientation based on the current state of the sky.
The roughest analysis shows that at sunset on the day of the modern vernal equinox, Orion's Belt is almost due south. Wherein:
The first star in Orion's belt (Al-Nitak) will be due south in 2375;
The second star in Orion's belt (Al-Nilam) will be due south in 2467;
The third star in Orion's belt (Mintaka) will be due south in 2545.
This gives the average "south" position of Orion's belt in 2460.
Taking into account the rotation of the celestial sphere during precession, we can conclude that at the moment of sunrise on the day of the vernal equinox, half of the precession period ago, Orion’s belt was located strictly in a southern direction from the Giza plateau. This may well be the reason for such an arrangement of the pyramids relative to each other (Orion’s belt turns out to be the brightest and most remarkable landmark in the southern direction). The date of construction of the pyramids thus again turns out to be equal to 10450 BC.
This date exactly coincides with modern data from archaeoastronomical calculations (based on the relative positions of the stars in Orion's belt) and geological assessments (based on the degree and quality of wear of the pyramids and the Sphinx). From
showing the position of the starry sky at the time of the construction of the pyramids, it is clear that between the direction to the north pole in 2460 AD. and the direction towards the “orientation area” of the pyramids (let’s call it conventionally) the angle is 13 about 14’. At the same time, Orion's belt, the north pole in 10450 BC, the direction to the north pole in 2460 AD. and the pyramids of Giza are in the same meridional plane, which gives the coordinates of the center of the region (to find the star to which the pyramids of Giza were directed at the moment of sunrise on the day of the vernal equinox during their construction) in 2460 AD. RA: 18h00m00s, Dec: 76 o 46’.
Analysis of the starry sky in 2460 AD. shows that the desired region (taking into account possible calculation errors and various roundings, as well as fluctuations of the Earth’s axis itself in addition to precession) is located between the constellation Ursa Minor and the constellation Giraffe in the direction of the “tail” of Ursa Minor (towards the constellation Perseus) with the center in modern coordinates RA: 04h57m35s, Dec: 76 o 22'24''. The found "orientation area" is shown in
It should be noted that this area of the starry sky is among the “important” in mythology, although it might seem strange that our ancestors paid attention to the inconspicuous constellation Ursa Minor, since during the time of the Egyptian pharaohs (not to mention earlier times) the celestial north pole was located at considerable distance from the North Star.
“From the Pyramid Texts we know that both the northern and southern stars played an important role in the ritual of rebirth and had a direct connection with the celestial destiny of the deceased king. Many researchers, Egyptologists and astronomers wrote about this. The following stars were primarily mentioned: along the northern meridian - Ursa Major, Ursa Minor and Draco... along the southern meridian the most important constellations were Orion and Canis Major (in which Sirius is located). The constellation Taurus should be added here..." (R. Buwell, E. Gilbert,). "Secrets of the Pyramids").
In this region there are only stars on the verge of visibility with the naked eye, which, based on their distance from the center of the region, can be divided into three categories of probability of the “center of orientation”:
From astronomical reference books
Table 1 and
Table 2
and Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams
it follows that in terms of physical parameters, at least three stars in the region under study are close in parameters to our Sun: BSC 1686, BSC 1468, BSC 1491. The “habitat of the gods” turns out to be quite favorable for the emergence of extraterrestrial life, close to our physiobiological parameters.
17. Will the world be saved from the coming Flood...
Aristotle also complained that "Plato was the last person who truly understood the meaning of mythology". Nowadays, the key to ancient legends seems completely irretrievably lost.
However, modern science forces us to take a different look at this issue: the reliability of mythological data turns out to be at a very high level when tested on the basis of objective analysis. Myths appear before us not as the fantasies of some ancient authors or folk tales, but acquire the status of a unique description of events and phenomena that took place in reality.
At the same time, the conclusions of Egyptologists and other researchers of the ancient world, even those who are very cautious in their assessments, periodically resemble a “combed-in” picture, far from reality and little substantiated except for their own misconceptions and the worldview of the researchers themselves. Therefore, almost any more or less coherent and logical theory about the Ancient World has the right to exist and is no worse than the officially recognized point of view. The main thing is that the proposed theory must be tested for strength, first of all, by the eyewitnesses themselves.
And from this point of view, in the light of the issues considered, one of the provisions of mythology can attract special attention.
The fact is that the American Indians, from ancient times, have been deeply committed to the idea that the modern Age, which began with the Flood, must soon cease to exist. The Mayans even give the exact date of the next catastrophe:
"This day is 4 Ahau 3 Kankin [which corresponds to December 23, 2012], and it will pass under the sign of the Sun God, the ninth lord of the night. The Moon will be eight days old, and it will be the third of six..."
Perhaps astronomers should take a closer look at both this date and the starry sky in search of the next meteorite that could cause the next flood. From whatever source the Mayans received knowledge about such a meteorite, one thing is certain: with sufficient data on the movement of celestial bodies, such a collision, capable of leading to a cataclysm, can be calculated many millennia in advance.
Of course, God forbid that they are mistaken, but even if behind this obsession of the American Indians there is the harsh reality of the intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a “pebble” that is threatening to us, then with the current level of technological development, humanity is quite capable of preventing a terrible catastrophe.
And while the clock is ticking...
He saved only one person's life.
This man's name was Noah. He was hardworking and kind.
And God said to Noah:
People have become cruel and evil. I will flood their land and destroy every living creature!
And God ordered Noah to build a huge ship - an ark - from the strongest wood. So that this ark would have three decks - three floors: the upper deck, the middle and the lower. So that the door in the ark is on the side. Yes, the Ark needs to be thoroughly tarred inside and out.
When you build the ark, God said, you will enter it with your family. But first, bring all the animals and birds into the ark in pairs. Don’t forget to sculpt everyone that is on earth, even bats and worms, into the ark with you! Yes, stock up more food for everyone! Collect seeds from trees and field grasses.
Noah did as God said. He submerged everyone, even the bees and frogs. I hung the seeds around the ark in bags, and hung the coconuts and bulbs end to end.
And when Noah finally caught the two Sparrows, he entered the ark, and God shut the door behind him.
As soon as God closed the door behind him, thunder struck, darkness covered the earth, the mountains tilted, the sky opened up and rain poured down.
And it rained for forty days and forty nights.
And it was impossible to understand where the sky was and where the earth was, where up was down. Everything was water! Night was day and day was night.
When the water rushed in, people saved themselves on roofs, in trees, and ran into the mountains.
Bears fled together with deer, wolves in the mountains trembled along with sheep, and the water kept rising!
Elephants were washed away from the mountain peaks by the waves. They swam and trumpeted with their trunks, and the lion cubs climbed onto their backs.
And the tops of the mountains disappeared into the abyss, and the elephants and lions drowned, and only the huge Noah’s ark was tossed about by the waves like a pinch.
For a long time Noah's ark rushed along the waves, and there was not a piece of land, not an island, only black water and black sky. Sometimes a tree uprooted will thump dully on the side of the ark. Noah and his family will become quiet, the animals will become quiet, the frightened monkey will scream, and the cow will stop chewing hay.
Finally, God remembered Noah and all the creatures that were with him in the ark. And he sent Noah a sign that the flood was over: a rainbow shone over the earth.
Noah hears: the ark hit, rocks it and hits the stone. Noah opened the window and saw the top of Mount Ararat sticking out of the water.
Noah looked around: water and water, no end in sight, muddy waters everywhere glistening in the sun.
Seven days have passed.
Noah released a black raven. The raven returned: there is no shore, there is nowhere for the raven to rest.
Another seven days passed.
Noah released a white dove. The dove flew for a long time, returned, sat on Noah’s shoulder, opened its beak, and could not catch its breath: there was no shore, no branches on the trees, there was nowhere for the dove to rest.
In the morning the dove flew away again. Non waited for him for a long time. The sun sank into the red waters. Noah sees a dove flying towards him and holding a green olive leaf in its beak. Noah realized that there was dry land somewhere.
The dove rested and flew away again. Noah waited for him for a long time. But this time the dove did not return to the ark. The water began to subside.
The mountains are dry and the hills are dry; in the lowlands the puddles glisten in the sun. Then suddenly the water subsided and the earth was exposed.
O Sumer, the great land among all the lands of the Universe, flooded with unfading light, defining divine laws for all peoples from sunrise to sunset! - the Sumerian poet once exclaimed. The Sumerians themselves say nothing about their origins. The most ancient myths begin the story of the creation of the world with individual cities.
The Sumerian civilization is the most ancient on our planet. In the second half of the 4th millennium it appeared as if out of nowhere. According to customs and language, this people was alien to the Semitic tribes, who settled Northern Mesopotamia a little later. The racial affiliation of the ancient Sumerian has not yet been determined. The history of the Sumerians is mysterious and amazing.
Sumerian culture gave humanity writing, the ability to process metals, the wheel and the potter's wheel. Inexplicably, these people possessed knowledge that had only recently become known to science. They left behind so many mysteries and secrets that they rightfully occupy perhaps the first place among all the amazing events in our lives.
Impressions of cylinder seals from the Jemdet-Nasr period: 1) a seal with the image of a sacred boat;2) seal from the temple of Inanna in Uruk.Beginning III millennium BC e.
![](https://i2.wp.com/earth-chronicles.ru/Publications_9/6/5/i_037.jpg)
In the minds of the ancient Mesopotamians, the world was inhabited by good and evil spirits, as well as powerful deities who controlled all the forces of nature. Each clan, community, city-state in Sumer had its own patron gods, sometimes considered mythical ancestors. Each person had his own personal guardian spirits - I'm walking And lamassu – and patronizing god and goddess.
But, on the other hand, human life was threatened by numerous evil demons - the personification of disease and death ( niqub, lilou, lilith). The fate of a person was recorded in cuneiform by the gods in the “Table of Fates”, and at the hour of death “Fate” came for him - the god Namtar ("Abductor") - and took the doomed person to the kingdom of death - the underworld, where the god Nergal and the goddess Ereshkigal ruled together with a council of the seven gods of the earth - the demons of the Anunnaki.
In the underworld, the soul of the deceased was doomed to a miserable existence in eternal darkness, hunger and thirst. When thinking about such a bleak posthumous fate, a person could only console himself with the fact that, depending on the type of death, he would receive a more or less merciful sentence from the Anunnaki court and would be able to enjoy food and drink from the sacrificial gifts that his relatives who remained on earth brought him.
The Sun God Shamash, sailing on his magic boat.
The sky also had its own “heavenly” kingdom with a council of gods. The main one is Enlil, the god of air, ruler of the earth (“Middle World”), king of all gods and patron of earthly kings. His cult was celebrated in a special temple in the holy city of Nippur, and this energetic and omnipotent god was worshiped throughout Sumer.
No less important in the pantheon was An (Anu) - the god of the Sky, as well as the wise and very supportive of people Enki (Ea), the deity of underground waters and the world Ocean. The mother goddess Ninhursag closes the four “great gods”.
A monster with the head of a lion, one of the seven evil demons, born in the Mountain of the East and living in pits and ruins. It causes discord and disease among people.
The strongest gods also included Utu (Shamash) - the god of the Sun, guardian of justice, revealing the future to people in fortune-telling and predictions of oracles; blue-bearded god of the moon - Nanna (Sin); the wayward beauty Inanna (Ishtar) is the goddess of the planet Venus, the patroness of carnal lust and love, earthly fertility, but at the same time the goddess of strife and discord.
The inhabitants of Sumer also revered the four “great” “cosmic” gods. These were An (Anu) - the god of the Sky, Enlil - the god of the air, Enki - the god of underground waters and, finally, the mother goddess Ninhursag, who bore different names in different Sumerian “nomes” (Ninhursang, Ninmah, Dingirmah). It was they who created the universe, earth, water, canals, vegetation, animals and people. It was they who occupied the top of the Mesopotamian “Olympus”.
An eagle-headed genius holding a vessel of pure water and a pine cone.
It accompanied a person in his daily life and protected him from illness and evil forces. Nimrud.
The kneeling deities near the sacred tree, with their hands raised in a protective gesture, probably represent Enlil or Bel, the god of the earth
Image and location of the paradise earth according to A. Kircher (“Noah’s Ark”)
The Sumerian paradise was not intended for people. It was a place where only gods could reside. From the first phrases of the poem we learn that the country of Dilmun is sacred, “the country of Dilmun is pure,” that the god Enki and his wife live here, because this country is “pure,” “bright,” “immaculate.”
The Sumerian poet paints with bright colors a country where sadness and death, cruelty and despair are unknown, where the lamb is not afraid of the wolf and the bird ittidu, the messenger of death, does not utter its mournful cry. A beautiful, paradise country full of wonders, where:
In the country of Dilmun there is neither old age nor illness, people live here forever and no one crosses the river of death, and therefore:the dove does not hide its head
There are no people who would say: “My eyes hurt,”
There are no people who say, “I have a headache,”
There is no old woman who would say: "I am old"
There is no old man who would say: “I am old.”
One thing is bad: there is not enough fresh water in Dilmun. When the goddess drew Enki's attention to this, he orders Utu, the sun god, to bring water from the earth to Dilmun.priests do not walk around him weeping,
The singer makes no complaints,
At the city walls he does not complain or cry.
Utu carried out Enki’s order: “from the mouth of the earth” a spring of fresh water gushed out, and everything was as God wished. Now nothing stood in the way of a happy life in the country of Dilmun, where the trees blossomed, the meadows turned green, and the ears of grain were filled with grain. And a satisfied Enki walked through the paradise country.
And then, apparently bored, he decides to have some fun in these wonderful paradise and alternately takes possession of his wife, the goddess Ninhursag, and then his two daughters. A remarkable fact is that all these women give birth quickly and without pain. Next, the restless Enki eats eight magical plants carefully grown by Ninhursag, falls ill and is miraculously saved from death.
In the minds of Sumerian theologians, heaven was not intended for mortal people, but for immortal gods. However, one mortal - but only one! - according to the Sumerian storytellers, he was nevertheless admitted to this paradise of the gods. We are talking about the Sumerian "Noah". Here we come to the flood myth.
global flood
G. Dore. global flood
Legends about the life and exploits of Gilgamesh are recorded in cuneiform on clay tablets in four languages of the Ancient East - Sumerian, Akkadian (Babylonian), Hurrian and Hittite.
After the death of his closest friend Enkidu, with whom he performed many heroic deeds, the king of Uruk, in search of the secret of immortality, decided to go to Utnapishtim (Sumerian Ziusudra, biblical “Noah”) - the only person on earth to whom the gods granted eternal life. Having overcome unimaginable difficulties on his long journey, Gilgamesh finally reaches the habitat of the righteous man and listens from him in detail about the catastrophic flood that destroyed the entire human race.
Utnapishtim - the son of Ubar-Titu, king of the city of Shuruppak, one of the most ancient cities of Sumer - was always distinguished by his peaceful disposition, kindness and piety and therefore was the favorite of the gods, and especially Enki (Babylonian Ea). And then one fine day, when the sins of the immensely multiplied people overflowed the patience of the supreme god Enlil, he ordered the destruction of humanity with the help of a gigantic flood.
But Enki-Ea found a way out here too: he secretly spoke to Utnapishtim through the thin wall of a reed hut, warning of impending disaster and advising him to build a large ship and load “the seed of all living beings” there:
The ruler of Shuruppak immediately followed all the advice of the deity. A huge seven-deck ship with a square outline was built, which, when launched, “sank two-thirds.”Shuruppak, son of Ubar-Titu,
Demolish the house, build a ship,
Leave abundance, take care of life,
Despise wealth, save your soul!
Load all living things onto your ship.
The ship that you will build
Let the outline be quadrangular,
Let the width and length be equal,
Like the Ocean, cover it with a roof!
When the weather began to deteriorate sharply and the sky was clouded with black clouds, our Sumerian “Noah” realized that the time for the flood had come. He boarded the ship and tarred its doors. The following is a detailed description of the disaster that unfolded:Loaded it with everything I had
I loaded it with all the silver I had,
I loaded it with everything I had, gold,
I loaded it with everything that I had as a living creature,
He brought my whole family and kin onto the ship,
Steppe cattle and animals, I raised all the masters...
Even the gods themselves were afraid of this terrible sight and began to complain about what they had done. But it was no longer possible to stop the rampant elements.The morning light had barely set,
A black cloud rose from the base of the heavens.
Addu thunders in its middle,
Shullat and Hanish walk in front of her,
Messengers are coming, mountain and plain.
Eragal tears out the masts,
Ninurta is coming, breaking through the road,
The Anunnaki raised their torches,
To set the whole earth on fire with their radiance.
Because of Addu the sky is numb,
What was light has turned into darkness,
The whole earth split open like a bowl.
The first day the South wind rages,
It came quickly, flooding the mountains,
Like a war, overtaking people.
One does not see the other
And you can’t see people from heaven...
Utnapishtim-Ziusudra opened the hatch, and a ray of sunlight fell on his face. Silence and peace reigned all around. But it was dead silence:The wind blows for six days, seven nights,
The storm covers the earth with a flood.
When the seventh day comes
The storm and flood stopped the war...
The sea calmed down, the hurricane subsided - the flood stopped.
The ark of Utnapishtim stood near Mount Natsir (Nasir) for six days, but no other land was visible on the horizon. Then our “Noah” sent a dove to reconnoiter, but it returned with nothing; then a swallow flew up and also did not find the ground; Finally the raven was sent on its way:I looked at the sea - silence came,
And all of humanity became clay!
The plain became flat as a roof,
I fell to my knees, sat down and cried,
Tears ran down my face.
I began to look out for the shore in the open sea -
An island arose in twelve fields.
The ship stopped at Mount Nazir...
G. Dore. Noah releases a dove
Then Utnapishtim went to the top of the mountain and offered a prayer to the gods, burning incense from myrtle, cedar and fragrant herbs. And “the gods sensed a good smell,” “like flies, they gathered around the sacrificer and rejoiced when they saw that at least someone had survived the global catastrophe.” True, not everyone was happy. The terrible Enlil, on whose orders the flood was organized, was terribly angry with both the surviving people and Enki-Ea, who saved them. But it is not for nothing that this god - the “Lord of Fresh Waters” - was considered the most intelligent and resourceful in the Sumerian pantheon. He managed to convince Enlil not to harm Utnapishtim and his family:The raven, having set off, saw the decline of the water,
Didn't return; croaks, eats and shits...
The supreme celestial heeded the persuasion and decided not only to have mercy on Utnapishtim, but also to grant him and his wife immortality:You are a hero, a sage among the gods!
How, how, without thinking, did you cause a flood?
Place the sin on the one who has sinned,
Place the blame on the guilty one, -
Hold on, so as not to be destroyed, endure,
let him not be defeated!
A gigantic Flood devastated the land and all the people (except one or two) died. In the long history of mankind, the flood marks a certain break and the replacement of one race of people by another. The similarity with biblical tradition is, of course, striking.Enlil rose and boarded the ship,
He took me by the hand and led me outside,
He brought my wife to her knees next to her,
He touched our foreheads, stood between us,
blessed us:
Hitherto Utnapishtim was a man,
From now on, Utnapishtim is like us gods,
Let Utnapishtim live at the mouths of rivers, in the distance!