Settlement of 1 or several monks. Variants of names of settlements and administrative units
Monk translated from Greek means “alone” or “lonely.” This is the name given to people who have left the bustle of the world in order to devote their lives to God in hermitage, contemplation, and prayer. Usually monks take three vows - chastity (celibacy), poverty (non-covetousness) and obedience to the spiritual mentor. The goal of monastic life is spiritual, it is the path to God, the path from earth to heaven, that is, from the earthly world to the heavenly, spiritual world. It is no coincidence that the main manual for monks is called the Paradise Ladder ( glory. ladder). This book was written by John of Sinai, who was nicknamed the Climacus, and lived in the 7th century. Monastic asceticism ( Greek
. exercise), or feat (from the word “move”, “move”), implies certain stages of ascent, or spiritual growth, through which the ascetic is cleansed of sins, selfishness and self-will and, acquiring the grace of the Holy Spirit, moves towards holiness. Icon "Ladder of John the Climacus"
XVI century
Monasticism has been known since ancient times and is practiced not only by Christians. The first settlements of hermits were known back in Ancient Egypt. The monastic lifestyle has gained particular popularity in Eastern religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Shintoism. The monks united in small communities - monasteries (from the ancient Egyptian “shi het” - “weight of the heart”) or larger ones - monasteries. Monasteries were not only religious centers, but also educational ones; schools, libraries, and art workshops were created in them. Often in the East, monasteries became a political and military force. It was in the monasteries that the most ancient types of martial arts originated: kung fu, karate, etc. Constantine I.
In Christianity, from the very beginning, people appeared who abandoned life according to the laws of this world and dedicated themselves to God, they preferred celibacy to family happiness, and led an ascetic lifestyle. But at first there were only a few, and by the 4th century. the monastic movement becomes a mass phenomenon. In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, who believed in Christ, proclaimed a decree on freedom of religion (the so-called Edict of Milan), and Christians found themselves in a privileged position: previously persecuted, they began to receive high positions, gain position in society and wealth. Many of them began to prioritize purely worldly goals, tried to get along well, forgetting about the values of the Gospel that Christianity preached.
The boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom of God literally narrowed to the boundaries of the Roman Empire.
The world became Christian, but the difference between Christians and pagans was practically erased. And then the most zealous followers of Christ, considering that it was impossible to be saved from sin in the world, began to go into the desert. The first monastic settlements appeared in Egypt; Christians fled here during persecution, and here they began to flee, fleeing the growing rich and politicized Constantinian Christianity.
Seeing that the original purity of Christ's teaching was being obscured by pagan prejudices, leaving the world, the monks protested against the secularization of the church. But they did not simply reject the compromise between Christianity and worldly customs, they sought to save this world with their prayer and deeds.
The first Christian hermits Monastic asceticism ( Saint Anthony the Great
Although the first Christian hermit is considered to be Paul, who in 251, during the persecution under Emperor Decius, settled in the desert in Upper Egypt - in Thebaid (the vicinity of Thebes), the father of monasticism was Anthony the Great (251-355), who formed the first community anchorites (
. hermits). It was not an organization with a specific charter, but simply a group of students freely coming to their teacher.
Biography of St. Anthony was composed by St. Athanasius the Great. From it we learn that, being the son of wealthy parents, Anthony lived in Alexandria.
Striving for complete solitude, the ascetic settled first in a cave, and then in the ruins of an old fortress, where there was no human habitation. For twenty years he lived in these ruins in complete solitude, laboring in fasting and prayer, subjecting himself to all kinds of hardships. Only twice a year some of his friends came to him and brought bread, receiving in return baskets made by the hands of the monk.
Temptation of St. Antonia. 1399. Museum of the Cathedral of Burgos, Spain
His hermit's life, however, was not without worries and worries. The ascetic was often subjected to temptations from demons, who instilled fear and horror in him; his soul was confused by his own thoughts about the pleasures and pleasures he had left in the world. (This part of the life of St. Anthony gave rise to a plot known in world painting and literature as “The Temptation of St. Anthony.”) Finally, having overcome all temptations, Anthony became so strong that neither temptations nor base thoughts disturbed him. And then he became a mentor for other Christians who were looking for a perfect life. Many people came to him, some stayed with him to share his way of life. Thus, gradually a whole settlement of ascetics formed around Anthony’s cell (c. 305).
Venerable Anthony the Great. XVI century
Crete Monastery of St. Anthony the Great.
Egypt
According to the order established by Anthony, the ascetics, under the guidance of an elder, abba (father), lived separately from each other in huts or caves. But on major holidays they gathered together to perform the main Christian service - the liturgy (Eucharist). Such communities of hermits began to be called laurels, because the temple in which monks living in the desert gathered to perform divine services, as a rule, was located in an oasis, among greenery, and these were often laurel trees.
Venerable Pachomius the Great Monastic asceticism ( Even during the life of Anthony the Great, another type of monastic life appeared - kinobiya (
Pachomius was born into a pagan family and was raised pagan. At the age of twenty he entered military service, under the banner of Emperor Constantine, who fought with Maxentius. During the campaign, he stopped in one city in the house of pious Christians and, seeing their faith, he realized that his life had to change. He began to be burdened by military service and one day prayed to God: “Almighty God, who created heaven and earth! If You save me, then I will devote all the days of my life to You!”
During the entire military campaign he remained safe and sound, and at the end of the war he returned to Thebaid and was baptized. Pachomius settled in the town of Shenesit and began to lead a solitary life.
The famous hermit Palamon becomes his spiritual mentor. Pachomius labored in the desert for ten years, and one day, finding himself at the ruins of the village of Tavenisi, he heard a voice commanding him to build a monastery on this place. Elder Palamon blessed him to found the monastery and predicted to Pachomius its future glory.
According to the testimony of his life, soon an angel of God appeared to Pachomius in the form of a schema-monk and handed him the rules of monastic life. According to this charter, the monks were assigned uniformity in food and clothing, and the monks had to work obediently for the common benefit of the monastery. Among the obediences was the rewriting of books. Monks were not supposed to have their own money or accept anything from their relatives. The main work of a monk was prayer. It is Pachomius who is credited with introducing the rosary into Christian prayer practice.
The first monk in the monastery of Pachomius was his elder brother John, but gradually other students began to come to them.
One day the Monk Pachomius was visited by his sister Maria, who had long wanted to see her brother.
The strict ascetic refused to see his sister, but through the gatekeeper he gave her the blessing to enter the path of monastic life, promising his help in this. Maria acted according to her brother's instructions. The Tavennis monks built a dwelling for her on the opposite bank of the Nile. Other women began to join Mary, and soon the first women's monastery appeared with strict communal rules, which were drawn up by the Monk Pachomius.
In the 4th century. The monastic movement began to spread in other Christian countries - in Palestine, Syria and Pontus. Other charters began to appear, for example, the so-called Jerusalem Charter, compiled by Sava the Sanctified, abbot of a monastery in the Judean desert. The famous Christian saint Basil the Great (330–379) visited the monastery of Pachomius the Great and, borrowing many of his ideas, created his own rules for monastic life. It includes 55 long and 313 short rules for monks. It is this charter that is still used in Orthodox monasteries.
Basil the Great. Icon. Beginning of the 16th century
In Palestine, the emergence of the monastery is associated with the name of Theodosius the Great. He was born approx. 424 in Cappadocia, in the village of Mogarion, in a Christian family. Since childhood he had a good voice and was dedicated to reading. OK. 451 he went to Jerusalem and on the way, visiting Antioch, he met there with Simeon the Stylite, a famous hermit who labored on a pillar. Simeon blessed Theodosius and predicted that he would be a great shepherd.
In Jerusalem, Theodosius becomes a disciple of Longinus, who performed his feat of prayer on a pillar at the Jaffa Gate. Having gone through a harsh school of obedience and asceticism, Theodosius goes into the Judean desert and settles there in a cave where, according to legend, the Magi stayed when they visited the infant Christ. Gradually, a community of disciples forms around the ascetic, the cave becomes too small for them, and Theodosius chooses a nearby place for a monastery, which later became known as the Great Lavra.
Theodosius wrote the charter for his monastery based on the charter of St. Basil the Great. By the end of Theodosius’s life, there were up to 400 people in the monastery. The ascetic died in 529 at the age of 105 years. His body was buried in the Cave of the Three Magi.
Fra Angelico. St. Benedict. Fragment of the fresco “The Crucifixion”.
1442. Monastery of San Marco, Florence
Although the monks left the world, they did not leave it completely, influencing the world primarily through their prayer, but also by becoming spiritual mentors and teachers for many people. It is no coincidence that in the Orthodox East monks are called kalugers (good elders).
"Pray and Work"
Around the same time, in the 4th–5th centuries, monasticism spread in the West: first in the British Isles. The Scottish monk Columbanus founded several monasteries in the Frankish kingdom and northern Italy, thereby laying the foundation for Western monasticism. True, St. is considered the father of Western monasticism.
Benedict of Nursia (d. 543), founder of the monastery at Monte Cassino near Naples. The 72 rules of its charter can be reduced to two basic commandments - ore et labore , that is, “pray and work” ( lat
.). This became the motto of monasticism. But unlike Eastern monasticism, Western monasticism did not flee from the world (although there were both contemplative and desert-dwelling orders among the Western orders, for example, Carthusians, Trappists, Carmelites), but, on the contrary, performed missionary, cultural and educational functions. For example, among the Benedictine monasteries, the monastery of Cluny stood out, which had a huge influence on the life of the entire Western Church in the 11th century. Charter of St. Benedict became the basis for the emergence of all subsequent monastic movements in the West: Dominicans, Franciscans, Predicators, Jesuits, etc. orders (from lat. ordo
- order, charter), each of which had its own “specialization”. The division of Catholic monasteries into orders is due to the fact that already in the charter of St. Benedict the monk aims not only at personal salvation, but also at service, which is carried out on the basis of a personal or group vocation. And vocations and ministries can be varied: among the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) - church-educational, among the Jesuits - missionary, among the Carmelites - contemplative, among the Comaldulians - prayerful-ascetic, among the sisters of Mother Teresa - charitable.
Monasteries, governed by abbots, priors, rectors, superiors, are united into order provinces, headed by the so-called provincials, who, in turn, are subordinate to the general of the entire order.
Monasticism in the East consists of the so-called black clergy, in contrast to the white ones, that is, parish priests who are married.
One who has taken a monastic vow can remain simply a monk, or, as they said in Rus', a monk, but he can be ordained to the rank of deacon or priest and become a hieromonk. The episcopate is formed from the black clergy, which, in turn, elects metropolitans and the patriarch.
Assignments for the school tour of the History Olympiad, grade 6
1.Choose one correct answer.
The Battle of Poitiers (732) was fought between the Franks and:
a) Ostrogoths
b) Arabs
c) Slavs
2
d) Normans
. Which Germanic tribe mainly inhabited the Scandinavian Peninsula:
a) Visigoths
b) Ostrogoths
c) francs
3.
d) Normans
Specify concepts
related to Islam:
a) patrimony d) imam
b) mosque d) duke
4
.
c) guild e) minaret
Match the concepts and their definitions:
1) quitrent a) lands granted for hereditary possession by a lord
to his vassal
2) feud b) forced labor of dependent peasants on the farm of the feudal lord
3) corvee c) collection of food or money by the feudal lord from dependent peasants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5. Solve the crossword puzzle, write down the keyword at the end.
1. Land provided on the terms of military service and for a certain period.
2. Settlement of one or more monks.
3. One of the creators of Slavic writing.
4. Arab nomads.
5. Rulers from the same family, succeeding each other on the throne.
6. Muslim cleric.
7. Envoy of the Pope, bringing the ideas of Christianity to the pagans. 8. Images made of multi-colored stones and smalt.
9. Founder of Islam.
Keyword (vertical) – ________________
6. What (who) is “extra” in the series? Give a brief explanation. A
. 500g, 622g, 800g, 843g; B
. Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Poles; IN
. Icons, mosaics, arabesques, frescoes.
7. Analyze these documents and write down the historical concepts they reveal. A.“The Huns attacked the Alans, the Alans attacked the Goths, the Goths, expelled from their homeland, captured Illyria from us. And this is not the end." (A. Mediolansky,IV
. 500g, 622g, 800g, 843g; century)
. "Alas! Where is it, that empire that united nations alien to each other by faith and imposed a bridle of salvation on the conquered?.. It has lost its name and honor. Instead of a king, little kings appeared, instead of a kingdom - pitiful fragments.”
6. What (who) is “extra” in the series? Give a brief explanation. . 8. Solve historical problems and write down the answers. . Alcuin's Riddles
Following the traditions of Anglo-Saxon schools, Alcuin loved to use riddles in the learning process. Choose the correct answers to Alcuin's questions.
2) What does not satisfy a person?
3) I saw how the dead gave birth to the living and the breath of the living destroyed the dead
4) I saw a fire that does not go out in water
5) What kind of messenger is silent?
6) Who can’t be seen without closing your eyes?
Answers: a) lime; b) sleep; c) hunger; D) fire arising from the friction of wood; D) profit;
E) letter.
. 500g, 622g, 800g, 843g; . Byzantine task . The hen, which cost 40 aspres, lays an egg every day. Eggs go to the market for 40 pieces per asr. How long will it take for the chicken to justify its price? (aspr – small coin)
History answers, 6th grade
1. b. (1 point)
2. g (1 point)
3. b, d, f. (3 points)
4. 1c, 2a, 3b. (3 points)
5. 1. Feud
2. monastery
3. Methodius
4. Bedouins
5. dynasty
6. mullah
7. missionary
8. mosaic
9. Muhammad
The key word is feudalism. (10 points)
6. A. 622, all others belong to the state of the Franks;
B. Poles, all the rest are Slavs;
V. Arabesque, everything else can be seen in a Christian church. (6 points)
7. A. The Great Migration of Peoples; B. Feudal fragmentation. (2 points)
8. A. 1c, 2d, 3d, 4a, 5e, 6b; B. 1600 days. (7 points)
Total – 36 points
Aimak- a large administrative formation among some Turkic and Mongolian peoples, a district, as a rule, coinciding with the territory of the clan’s settlement.
Arban- a small administrative entity in Tuva and Mongolia, initially consisting of ten farms. 15 arbans were united into one sumon, and two or more sumons - into a khoshun.
Aul, aal- a small nomadic or sedentary settlement among Caucasian, Turkic and some other non-Slavic peoples.
Balagan- a temporary building, barracks or barn, erected for trade, housing, storage of goods, crafts, crafts or organizing performances of a traveling theater or circus.
Deanery- a small church district uniting several neighboring parishes.
Gang- temporary settlement of fishermen with residential and outbuildings adapted for seine fishing.
All- the chronicle name of small rural settlements, villages without a church, but with an owner’s (landowner’s) courtyard.
Army- a large territorial association of Cossack communities that had autonomy in civil administration and a certain autonomy in mobilization issues. Its size was comparable to a province and was divided into districts (divisions or regiments). The army was led by a military ataman, but his jurisdiction extended only to the Cossack population. For other classes, a parallel non-Cossack administration could exist in the same territory.
Parish- an administrative entity that unites several settlements (rural societies) located close to each other (or united by the nationality of their residents). The center of the volost, in which local self-government and judicial power were concentrated, could be either a village or a city.
Patrimony- a significant plot of land or several plots of land located next to each other and in the hereditary ownership of a private person or monastery. Initially, patrimony was opposed to estate (conditional non-hereditary land ownership), but at the beginning of the 18th century the differences between them were erased. Estates could be ancestral, purchased, or earned. One and the same owner (person, family, monastery) could have several estates.
Settlement, settlements, exhibitions- a small settlement in a rural area, located next to a larger settlement and clearly separated from it by a natural barrier (river, swamp, forest).
Howl- a small plot of arable land with crops, limited space for fishing or beekeeping. The size of the vyti could vary greatly depending on the region, the quality of the land and other characteristics. Until the 18th century, howl was a fiscal unit that was used to determine the amount of tax.
City, city- a large settlement, the bulk of whose residents are employed outside agriculture and are not in serfdom from the landowners (votchinniki). Often the city had long-term defensive structures. The city was the administrative, religious, commercial and cultural center of the surrounding area. At the same time, some cities could have a special administrative status and be governed separately from the region in which they were located.
Gorodets- a small settlement with defensive structures or a very large village.
Settlement- an abandoned city or its ruins, or a settlement that arose on the site of a disappeared city.
Town- a new fortified settlement, surrounded by a defensive rampart, tine and ditch. Inside the fence there was a church, barns, siege huts, and courtyards. Contrary to the name of the settlement, its inhabitants lived mainly by agriculture.
Lip- a territorial formation in the Pskov and Novgorod lands, approximately the same as a volost. The center of the bay was the churchyard. In another meaning - a populated area in northern Russia or Siberia, located on the shore of an elongated bay - lips.
Province- a large administrative district, a region that was governed by a governor or governor-general. The highest unit of territorial division of Russia from the beginning of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Approximately corresponded to the current concept of “region”.
Country house- a unit of land surveying in rural areas, a plot of land with clearly defined boundaries or a detached rural house with surrounding lands, a farm.
Yard- a fenced space near a residential building or outbuilding (barnyard, horse yard). As a rule, the concept of “yard” did not include a garden and a vegetable garden (this distinguishes a yard from an estate). A residential courtyard could combine a complex of various buildings (barns, workshops, baths, stables, etc.) and have a very different configuration, depending on who it belonged to - a boyar, a merchant, a priest, a peasant or an artisan. In one yard there could be several separate living quarters, in which relatives or servants of the owner of the yard lived. Until 1719, the courtyard was the main fiscal unit, with a “yard” being the entire enclosed area behind a single gate.
Dvorishche- a place where there used to be a courtyard or a new building erected on the site of a destroyed courtyard. In another meaning, it is a small agricultural community conducting joint farming. It consisted of relatives living in one or more neighboring houses (dymami). The community could also be called pechiche, ognishche, zadru, and community members - syabry.
Village- an agricultural settlement without a church, consisting of more than one household.
Share- a fiscal territorial unit in Russia in the 18th century, designed to collect taxes from 5536 households. The share was headed by a landrat (voivode) appointed by the government, who also exercised control over local governments.
Road- a large administrative entity in regions inhabited by Tatars, Bashkirs or Chuvashs. It included several volosts (births).
Diocese- a territorial unit in the government system of the Russian Orthodox Church, uniting parishes and deaneries in an area comparable to a province or region (secular and religious administrative boundaries sometimes do not coincide). The head of the diocese is the bishop (bishop or archbishop).
Loan, loan- a settlement of one yard with a plot of land in a rural area, located far from other populated areas. As a rule, settlements were built on ownerless lands by seizing them. Alternative names are dacha, farm, hamlet, manor.
Zaseka- a settlement located near the abatis line - a defensive barrier made of trees that have been felled and arranged in a special way.
Outpost- a military or police facility with residential and utility buildings, erected to control exit/entry into a city, an important road or a protected area. In addition to the people on duty, members of their families and other civilians could live at the outpost.
Outback- a quiet and uncrowded place, located away from transport routes, cultural and political centers. A depressed, out-of-date region, locality or part of a city.
Earth- a large territory subject to one ruler or co-rulers, a principality.
Zimovnik- a Cossack farm, a dwelling in the steppe, where the Cossacks could farm in the winter or between campaigns. The Cossacks who were in winter huts were called sydni or nests.
Zimovye- secluded residential buildings in inaccessible areas. They were usually intended for temporary residence of people (hunters, mine workers, coachmen). Winter huts could also be called inns on postal routes or new, newly founded settlements in Siberia.
Estate- a significant plot of land in the possession of a landowner, one-palace, state, monastery or Cossack army. As a rule, it was processed by serfs, tenants or hired workers.
Inspection- alternative name for the military district.
Canton- a large administrative formation on the territory of the Ufa, Orenburg and Perm provinces, which was controlled by the military administration and mobilized a certain number of irregular troops. The cantons could be Bashkir, Mishar, Kalmyk and Cossack. The cantons in which the non-Russian population lived were divided into yurts, the Cossack cantons into regiments. In the first years of Soviet power, the canton was an alternative name for the county in some regions - Bashkiria, Tataria, Dagestan, the Mari Republic, and in the commune of the Volga Germans.
End- an area or city street outside the defensive walls. Also, ends could be called different parts of a large territorial entity, for example, a camp.
Cordon- a remote settlement in the forest, a huntsman’s or forester’s house with outbuildings.
Nomadic- a temporary stop for a nomadic tribe, a place chosen by nomads for stopping during seasonal migrations, a territory within the boundaries of which a specific tribe (clan, clan) roams.
Kosh- an alternative name for a Cossack village, or a Cossack camp, temporary camp or convoy.
Kremlin, cream, kremnik, chrome- a fortress inside the city, which protected the most important buildings and was usually the residence of the local ruler.
Fortress, stronghold- a capital defensive structure, equipped with walls, shooting positions, as well as autonomous life support systems. If necessary, it could hold back superior enemy forces for a significant period of time, and also serve as a stronghold for conducting offensive or punitive operations. The fortress housed a permanent military garrison and civilian population.
Maidan- an open space free from buildings in a populated area, square, park or market.
Place- a small city in the western regions of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and neighboring countries. Craftsmen and traders (often of Jewish origin) usually lived in the towns, but this settlement did not have capital defensive structures and city privileges in self-government and taxation.
Metropolis- a large territorial unit in the management system of the Russian Orthodox Church. It may include several dioceses (or in fact be a diocese, only with a higher status). The head of the metropolis is the metropolitan.
Allotment- a plot of land provided free of charge or for a fee to an individual, family or community for agricultural work.
Viceroyalty- several provinces or vassal territories under the control of a governor - an official with extraordinary powers who is appointed to his post personally by the monarch (church head or ruling council) and can act on their behalf.
Abode- monastic community, monastery, main territory of the monastery, without monasteries, farmsteads and estates.
Region- a large administrative entity, the highest unit of the territorial structure of modern Russia (along with the republics and territories). In Tsarist Russia, oblast was an alternative name for provinces on the outskirts of the country and in Cossack regions. The head of the region was also the commander of the troops stationed on its territory.
Okolotok- a small urban or suburban area that belonged to a specific police station, along with the name of that station. In a broader sense - any nearby area.
District- a territorial entity created for administrative, military, judicial or economic purposes. Districts can differ significantly from each other in size and status, depending on their purpose.
Districts- an area near some geographical object (most often a populated area). In Cossack regions - an alternative name for the department.
Ostrog, trench- a fortified settlement surrounded by a fence of logs pointed at the top and/or surrounded by a moat. Most often, the fort was built by the first settlers as a temporary fortress and stronghold in new territories. Both military and civilians could live in the prison.
Department- a small territorial military unit, a mobilization area, approximately corresponding to a civilian district (on Sakhalin - a region). Departments mainly existed in Cossack or marginal lands.
Palanca- a small town, a suburban settlement in Ukraine. In another meaning, it is a military territorial formation among the Cossacks, uniting several departments. An alternative name for a Cossack territorial unit is "regiment" or "okrug".
Chambers- large stone structures, palaces. The public places (halls) in these buildings were also called chambers.
Povet- an administrative unit in Ukraine and Poland, an alternative name for the county.
Pogost- the name of the volost that existed in the Pskov and Novgorod lands, as well as in the northern regions of Russia. In addition, a graveyard could be called a village with a church near which a court was held, the center of local government of a lip (volost). In another meaning - a rural cemetery located near the church.
Compound- permanent representation of the monastery in a large city or in a holy place. Other meanings are an inn, or an entire quarter in which out-of-town and foreign merchants stay.
Regiment- a territorial formation among the Cossacks, capable of equipping a significant armed detachment (a thousand or more people). Military and civil power was concentrated in the hands of the regimental commander (ataman). A regiment usually included from 5 to 20 smaller mobilization units - hundreds.
Estate- a significant plot of land with an estate, which is in the hereditary possession of a landowner and cultivated by his serfs. Initially, the estate was provided for performing state or military service - it could not be sold or inherited and in this way differed from hereditary patrimony. But at the beginning of the 18th century, the differences between the estate and the fiefdom were erased.
Port- in a broad sense, a populated area on the shore of a navigable body of water, which has facilities for parking vessels. In a narrow sense, it is an urban area with adjacent water areas where ships, their crews and cargo are serviced. A port may contain marinas, docks, shipyards, lighthouses, warehouses, inns, markets, etc. The port water area may have a protected harbor, piers and jetties, as well as a roadstead remote from the shore for anchorage.
Posad, hem, forestat- the business part of the city, located outside the defensive walls, or a small urban-type settlement.
Village- a small settlement (usually recently built), located near a village or city.
Pochinok- a new rural settlement consisting of one yard.
Marina- a small port, a settlement that arose near a ship mooring site.
Award- an alternative name for a district in the Novgorod lands, a territory subordinate to the Novgorod governor.
Coming- a Christian church community created around one temple and including clergy and laity (parishioners). In Russia, this community was entrusted with some functions of local self-government - in particular, civil registration. The territory that was assigned to a specific temple was also called a parish.
Shelter- a secluded dwelling in a remote mountainous area, intended for a temporary stop for shepherds, hunters or travelers. Usually the shelter does not have people who live there permanently, but sometimes the shelter is an alternative name for a mountain hotel with outbuildings.
Provinces- a large territorial entity. In the 18th century in Russia, provinces were the prototype of okrugs - an intermediate link between the province and the district.
Wasteland- an area that was first developed by people and then abandoned.
Deserts- a monastic monastery (monastery or skete), built in a sparsely populated area, as well as the area around this monastery.
Pyatina- a large territorial entity in the Novgorod lands. Pyatina united several courts (districts), and each court included several churchyards (volosts). Initially, each Pyatina was assigned to one of the five districts (ends) of Novgorod.
Discharge- a territorial formation in the outlying regions, under the control of the governor and intended for the rapid mobilization of troops.
Departure- a small settlement that arose at a fork in the road.
Row- a village whose residents, along with agriculture, were also engaged in crafts and trade. Typically, rows arose on trade routes and did not have capital defensive structures typical for cities.
Selitba- a plot of land in a city or village, built up with residential buildings.
Selishche- an agricultural settlement destroyed as a result of fire or hostilities. This word could also mean a very large village.
Village- an agrarian settlement with a church (sometimes with two or even three), the center of a rural Orthodox parish, which often had a name (or one of the names) associated with the name of its temple.
Seltso- a settlement without a church (sometimes with a chapel), with a landowner or monastery courtyard, often a former village that lost its former status with the closure of the temple.
Skeet- a small monastic settlement located outside the main monastery and far from populated areas. It can be the place of residence of one or more hermits and can be a cave, hut or house. The Old Believers call any small monastery a monastery.
Sloboda- a settlement located next to a city or monastery, the inhabitants of which practically do not engage in agricultural labor and are not in serfdom from the landowners. As a rule, the inhabitants of each specific settlement were united by their occupation (craftsmen, merchants, coachmen, military men). In the 19th century, a settlement could also be called a village with a large fair or industrial production.
Slobodka- a working or craft settlement located within a city or large village, or just outside its outskirts.
Sokha- a small plot, a measure of cultivated arable land, which served as a fiscal unit. The size of the plot depended on the region and soil fertility. In the Novgorod lands, one plow included three farms - a plot that one person with one horse could plow in one day.
Mill- a geographical community or territorial unit that united several volosts (sometimes several dozen), estates and wastelands. The camps were part of counties and were governed by voivods (governors), who performed administrative, police and judicial functions. In another meaning, a camp is a temporary stop for people engaged in field work or some kind of fishing, or a mine. A temporary camp set up during a campaign by troops, merchants or travelers. An inn or postal station with surrounding buildings outside a populated area.
Stanza, machine- a small settlement, a small camp on a transport route, usually having a postal station or inn.
Stanitsa- a large Cossack settlement in the countryside, usually capable of equipping a significant armed detachment (from a hundred horsemen or more).
Encampment, encampment- temporary settlement of nomads. In the Amur region and on Sakhalin there is a permanent settlement.
Camp- a portable village, a temporary camp among nomadic peoples (most often among gypsies). A military camp with a convoy could also be called a camp.
Torzhok, marketplace- a place for trade, a bazaar, a market with adjacent buildings.
Slum- a poor area of the city with chaotic buildings and an unfavorable criminal situation.
Tube- an administrative formation in Bashkiria and Tatarstan, uniting several nearby auls and villages, in which, as a rule, representatives of the same clan lived.
Tax- a plot of arable land cultivated by one family or one community. As a rule, it was in state, monastic or landowner (patrimonial) property. Under serfdom, tax was the basis for taxing the families or communities that worked on it.
Corner, corner- a place remote from major highways, located at the end of a dead-end road.
Destiny- territory given over to a member of the Grand Duke's family for management. In another meaning, it is the immovable land property of a member of the imperial family.
County, district- a territorial entity that included several neighboring volosts or camps, united around one administrative center (district city). Uyezds were the prototype of modern districts. Several districts made up the province.
Ulus- an alternative name for the volost among the Turkic and Mongolian peoples. In another meaning - a temporary settlement, a camp among nomads. Initially, an ulus also called a vast territory within the boundaries of which a tribal union, a horde, ruled by one khan, roamed.
tract- an abandoned village or, in general, any visible part of the area that can be clearly separated from the surrounding landscape using any landmarks (rivers, forests, mountains, etc.).
Manor- a detached residential building belonging to one owner with adjacent service and outbuildings, as well as land (garden or vegetable garden). It could be peasant, landowner or merchant and located both in rural areas and in urban areas.
estate- an abandoned estate or its ruins, or a settlement that arose on the site of a destroyed estate.
Usolye- a settlement associated with salt mining.
Outpost- the forward line of defense of the fortress, a fortified position built outside the main walls in a dangerous direction.
Fort- a small long-term defensive structure that is part of a fortress, or built separately to protect a transport route. There was a military garrison in the fort, but there was almost no civilian population.
Khanate, Khaganate- a territory with a Turkic or Mongolian population, headed by a khan.
Mansions- a large wooden structure, a palace. They could consist of residential premises of the lower tier (cellars, upper rooms, light rooms), residential superstructures (terems), public places (entrance, vulush) and outbuildings (cellars, baths, barns, etc.).
Khutor- a small secluded settlement in the countryside, consisting of one or several courtyards. In the Baltics, a farm roughly corresponds to the concept of “farm”. Among the Cossacks of southern Russia, a khutor is a populated area located next to a village and administratively subordinate to it.
Citadel, child- a fortified area inside a city fortress, covering the residence of a prince or other high-ranking officials. The citadel was considered the last line of defense; it could have autonomous defensive structures or be partially adjacent to the walls of the outer fortress. The citadel was also sometimes used to quell civil unrest within the city.
Yurt- territory controlled by any nomadic Turkic tribe, ulus, as well as the headquarters of the leader of this tribe. Among the Cossacks, a yurt is a plot of land belonging to the village society. Among the Chechens, Nogais and Crimean Tatars, the word “yurt” means village.
Yurt- a territorial formation among the Tatars and Mishars (Meshcheryaks), under the control of the military administration and capable of fielding up to a thousand armed fighters. The yurt included several auls or villages, which, as a rule, had tribal ties with each other.
All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in history
(school stage)
6th grade
F.I. student (entirely)__________________________________________________________
Class ______ Score (max. 40 points)
- Solve the crossword and write down the keyword.
1. Form of land tenure granted to
Conditions of military service and for a certain period.
1. Land provided on the terms of military service and for a certain period.
2. Settlement of one or more monks.
3. One of the creators of Slavic writing.
5. Rulers from the same family, succeeding each other
On the throne.
5. Rulers from the same family, succeeding each other on the throne.
7. The Pope's messenger carrying ideas
Christianity to the pagans.
8. Images made of multi-colored stones or smalt.
7. Envoy of the Pope, bringing the ideas of Christianity to the pagans. 8. Images made of multi-colored stones and smalt.
Keyword (vertical) – ________________
II. Place the events in the correct sequence:
- Division of Charlemagne's empire
- The defeat of the Arabs at Poitiers
3. Conquest of England by the Duke of Normandy
4. Formation of an Arab state
- The rise to power of the Carolingian dynasty
Answer:
III. What (who) is “extra” in the series?Give a brief explanation.
- 500g, 622g, 800g, 843g.
2. Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Poles
Answer - _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Icons, mosaics, arabesques, frescoes
Answer - _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Analyze these documents and write down the historical concepts they reveal. Give definitions of these concepts.
- “The Huns attacked the Alans, the Alans attacked the Goths, the Goths, expelled from their homeland, captured Illyria from us. And this is not the end." (A. Mediolansky, IV century)
Answer - ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
- "Alas! Where is it, that empire that united nations alien to each other by faith and imposed a bridle of salvation on the conquered?.. It has lost its name and honor. Instead of a king, little kings appeared, instead of a kingdom - pitiful fragments.”
Answer - __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
V. Establish a correspondence between the names of historical figures of the Middle Ages and the directions of their activities. Write your answers in the table:
1. Otto 1 A) Leader of the Huns, cruel conqueror
2. Clovis B) Representative of the Merovingian dynasty
3 Roland B) King who fought with the Danes for almost 30 years
4. Attila G) Winner of the Hungarians
5. Alfred the Great D) Knight, nephew of Charlemagne
VI. Analyze the rules of law (rules of conduct) and legal principles formulated in Salic truth and the Justinian Code. Determine which of them relate to Salic truth and which to the Code of Justinian. Write your answer in the table (indicate the answer number).
- If anyone steals a goose and is caught, he is sentenced to pay 3 solids.
- The king is the speaking law.
- Law is the science of what is good and just.
- If the defendant is engaged in the performance of royal service, he cannot be summoned to court.
- And hastily, on the same day, before the sun sets, he must appear with witnesses at the debtor’s house and ask for payment of the debt.
VII. Historical tasks. Solve the problems and write down the answers.
1. Alcuin's riddles. Alcuin's Riddles
1) What makes bitter sweet? (); 2) What does not satisfy a person? (); 3) I saw how the dead gave birth to the living and the breath of the living destroyed the dead (); 4) I saw a fire that does not go out in water (); 5) What kind of messenger is silent? (); 6) Who can’t be seen without closing your eyes? ()
Answers: A) lime; B) sleep; B) hunger; D) fire arising from the friction of wood; D) profit; E) letter.
2. The Byzantine task.The hen, which cost 40 aspres, lays an egg every day. Eggs go to the market for 40 pieces per asr. How long will it take for the chicken to justify its price? (aspr – small coin)
10 b.
Determining events in chronological order
1 point for correct answer
0 points for any mistake in a row
5 B.
III.
Determining the odd one out in a series
2 points - for the correct definition of “extra” with justification for the answer;
6 b.
Definition of historical concepts based on analysis of historical sources
2 points for each correct answer
1 point – for correct definition without explanation
4 b.
Establishing correspondences
5 B.
Analysis of historical documents
1 point for each correct answer
5 B.
VII.
Solving historical problems
1. Alcuin's Riddles
2. Byzantine problem
0.5b. for each correct answer (3b.)
2 points for the correct answer
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