Solovetsky uprising. Presentation "Rebellious Age" The monastery in which the largest armed uprising took place
In the middle of the White Sea on the Solovetsky Islands there is a monastery of the same name. In Rus' it is glorified not only as the greatest among the monasteries that support the old rituals. Thanks to its strong armament and reliable fortification, the Solovetsky Monastery in the second half of the 17th century became the most important post for the military repelling the attacks of the Swedish invaders. Local residents did not stand aside, constantly supplying his novices with provisions.
The Solovetsky Monastery is also famous for another event. In 1668, his novices refused to accept the new church reforms approved by Patriarch Nikon, and fought back the tsarist authorities, organizing an armed uprising, called Solovetsky in history. Resistance lasted until 1676.
In 1657 supreme power The clergy sent out religious books, which were now required to conduct services in a new way. The Solovetsky elders met this order with an unequivocal refusal. Afterwards, all the novices of the monastery opposed the authority of the person appointed by Nikon to the position of abbot and appointed their own. This was Archimandrite Nikanor. Of course, these actions did not go unnoticed in the capital. Adherence to the old rituals was condemned, and in 1667 the authorities sent their regiments to the Solovetsky Monastery to take away its lands and other property.
But the monks did not surrender to the military. For 8 years they confidently held back the siege and were faithful to the old foundations, turning the monastery into a monastery that protected novices from innovations.
Until recently, the Moscow government hoped for a quiet resolution of the conflict and forbade attacking the Solovetsky Monastery. And in winter, the regiments abandoned the siege altogether, returning to the mainland.
But in the end, the authorities decided to carry out stronger military attacks. This happened after the Moscow government learned about the monastery’s concealment of Razin’s once undead troops. It was decided to attack the walls of the monastery with cannons. Meshcherinov was appointed voivode to lead the suppression of the uprising, who immediately arrived in Solovki to carry out orders. However, the tsar himself insisted on pardoning the perpetrators of the rebellion if they repented.
It should be noted that those who wished to repent to the king were found, but were immediately captured by other novices and imprisoned within the monastery walls.
More than once or twice, regiments tried to capture the besieged walls. And only after lengthy assaults, numerous losses and a report from a defector who pointed out the hitherto unknown entrance to the fortress, did the regiments finally occupy it. Note that at that time there were very few rebels left on the territory of the monastery, and the prison was already empty.
The leaders of the rebellion, numbering about 3 dozen people, who tried to preserve the old foundations, were immediately executed, and other monks were exiled to prison.
As a result, the Solovetsky Monastery is now the bosom of the New Believers, and its novices are serviceable Nikonians.
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"Main driving force During the Solovetsky uprising at both stages of the armed struggle, it was not monks with their conservative ideology, but peasants and Beltsy - temporary residents of the island who did not have a monastic rank. Among the Balti people there was a privileged group, adjoining the brethren and the cathedral elite. These are the servants of the archimandrite and the cathedral elders (servants) and the lower clergy: sextons, sextons, clergy members (servants). The bulk of the Beltsy were laborers and working people who served the internal monastery and patrimonial farms and were exploited by the spiritual feudal lord. Among the workers who worked “for hire” and “by promise”, that is, for free, who vowed to “atone for their sins with God-pleasing labor and earn forgiveness,” there were many “walking”, runaway people: peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks, and Yaryzheks. They formed the main core of the rebels.
Exiles and disgraced people, of whom there were up to 40 people on the island, turned out to be good “combustible material.”
In addition to the working people, but under their influence and pressure, part of the ordinary brethren joined the uprising. This should not be surprising, since the black elders by their origin were “all peasant children” or came from the suburbs. However, as the uprising deepened, the monks, frightened by the determination of the people, broke with the uprising.
An important reserve of the rebellious monastic masses were the Pomeranian peasantry, workers in the salt fields, mica and other industries, who came under the protection of the walls of the Solovetsky Kremlin.” [Froomenkov 3 - 67]
“The testimony of Elder Prokhor is characteristic in this regard: “The brethren in the monastery, with a total of three hundred people, and more than four hundred people from Beltsy, locked themselves in the monastery and sat down to die, but they don’t want any of the images to be built. And they began to stand for theft and capitolism, and not for faith. And many Kapiton monks and Beltsi from the lower towns came to the monastery during the Razinov era, and they excommunicated their thieves from the church and from their spiritual fathers. Yes, in their monastery they gathered Moscow fugitive archers and Don Cossacks and boyar fugitive slaves and various state foreigners... and the root of all evil gathered here in the monastery.” [Likhachev 1 - 30]
“There were more than 700 people in the rebel monastery, including over 400 strong supporters of the fight against the government using the peasant war method. The rebels had at their disposal 990 cannons placed on the towers and fences, 900 pounds of gunpowder, a large number of hand-held firearms and bladed weapons, as well as protective equipment.” [Froomenkov 2 - 21]
Stages of the uprising
“The uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery can be divided into two stages. At the first stage of the armed struggle (1668 - 1671), laymen and monks came out under the banner of defending the “old faith” against Nikon’s innovations. The monastery at that time was one of the richest and economically independent, due to its distance from the center and the wealth of natural resources.
In the “newly corrected liturgical books” brought to the monastery, the Solovki residents discovered “ungodly heresies and evil innovations,” which the monastery theologians refused to accept. The struggle of the exploited masses against the government and the church, like many actions of the Middle Ages, took on a religious guise, although in fact, under the slogan of defending the “old faith,” the democratic strata of the population fought against state and monastic feudal-serf oppression. V.I. drew attention to this feature of the revolutionary actions of the peasantry suppressed by darkness. Lenin. He wrote that “... the appearance of political protest under a religious guise is a phenomenon characteristic of all peoples, at a certain stage of their development, and not of Russia alone” (vol. 4, p. 228).” [Froomenkov 2 - 21]
“Apparently, initially Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich hoped to starve and intimidate the monastery, blocking the delivery of food and other necessary supplies. But the blockade dragged on, and in the Volga region and in the south of Russia a peasant war flared up under the leadership of S. T. Razin.” [Sokolova]
“In 1668, the king ordered the monastery to besieged. An armed struggle between the Solovki residents and government troops began. The beginning of the Solovetsky uprising coincided with the peasant war flaring up in the Volga region under the leadership of S.T. Razin." [Froomenkov 2 - 21]
“The government, not without reason, feared that its actions would stir up all of Pomorie and turn the region into a continuous area of popular uprising. Therefore, in the first years the siege of the rebellious monastery was carried out sluggishly and intermittently. In the summer months, the tsarist troops landed on the Solovetsky Islands, tried to block them and interrupt the connection between the monastery and the mainland, and for the winter they went ashore to the Sumsky fort, and the Dvina and Kholmogory archers, who were part of the government army, went home for this time.
The transition to open hostilities extremely aggravated social contradictions in the rebel camp and accelerated the disengagement of the fighting forces. It was finally completed under the influence of the Razins, who began to arrive at the monastery in the autumn of 1671.” [Froomenkov 3 - 69]
“Participants in the peasant war of 1667 - 1671 joined the insurgent mass. took the initiative in the defense of the monastery into their own hands and intensified the Solovetsky uprising.
The fugitive boyar serf Isachko Voronin, the Kem resident Samko Vasiliev, and the Razin atamans F. Kozhevnikov and I. Sarafanov came to lead the uprising. The second stage of the uprising began (1671 - 1676), during which religious issues receded into the background and the idea of fighting for the “old faith” ceased to be the banner of the movement. The uprising takes on a pronounced anti-feudal and anti-government character, becoming a continuation of the peasant war led by S.T. Razin. The far north of Russia became the last hotbed of the peasant war.” [Froomenkov 2 - 22]
“In the “questioning speeches” of people from the monastery, it is reported that the leaders of the uprising and many of its participants “do not go to God’s church, and do not come to confession to the spiritual fathers, and the priests are cursed and called heretics and apostates.” Those who reproached them for the fall were answered: “We can live without priests.” The newly corrected liturgical books were burned, torn, and drowned in the sea. The rebels “gave up” their pilgrimage for the great sovereign and his family and did not want to hear any more about it, and some of the rebels spoke about the king “such words that it’s scary not only to write, but even to think.” [Froomenkov 3 - 70]
“Such actions finally scared the monks away from the uprising. For the most part, they break with the movement and try to distract the working people from the armed struggle, take the path of treason and organize conspiracies against the uprising and its leaders. Only the fanatical supporter of the “old faith,” the exiled Archimandrite Nikanor, with a handful of adherents, hoped to cancel Nikon’s reform with the help of weapons until the end of the uprising. The people's leaders decisively dealt with reactionary monks who were engaged in subversive activities: they imprisoned some, and expelled others beyond the walls of the fortress.
The population of Pomerania expressed sympathy for the rebellious monastery and provided it with constant support with people and food. Thanks to this help, the rebels not only successfully repelled the attacks of the besiegers, but also made bold forays that demoralized the government riflemen and caused them great damage.” [Froomenkov 2 - 22]
“The entire civilian population of Solovki was armed and organized in a military manner: divided into tens and hundreds with the corresponding commanders at their head. The besieged significantly fortified the island. They cut down the forest around the pier so that no ship could approach the shore unnoticed and fall into the firing range of the fortress guns. The low section of the wall between the Nikolsky Gate and the Kvasoparennaya Tower was raised with wooden terraces to the height of other sections of the fence, a low Kvasopairennaya Tower was built on, and a wooden platform (roll) was built on the Drying Chamber for installing guns. The courtyards around the monastery, which allowed the enemy to secretly approach the Kremlin and complicate the defense of the city, were burned. Around the monastery it became “smooth and even.” In places where there was a possible attack, they laid boards with nails and secured them. A guard service was organized. A guard of 30 people was posted on each tower in shifts, and the gate was guarded by a team of 20 people. The approaches to the monastery fence were also significantly strengthened. In front of the Nikolskaya Tower, where most often it was necessary to repel the attacks of the royal archers, trenches were dug and surrounded by an earthen rampart. Here they installed guns and built loopholes. All this testified to the good military training of the leaders of the uprising, their familiarity with the technology of defensive structures.” [Froomenkov 3 - 71]
“After the suppression of the peasant war led by S.T. Razin's government took decisive action against the Solovetsky uprising.
In the spring of 1674, a new governor, Ivan Meshcherinov, arrived in Solovki. Up to 1000 archers and artillery came under his command. In the fall of 1675, he sent a report to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich outlining plans for the siege. The archers dug under three towers: White, Nikolskaya and Kvasoparennaya. On December 23, 1675, they launched an attack from three sides: where there were tunnels, and also from the side of the Holy Gate and the Seldyanaya (Arsenal) Tower. “The rebels did not sit idly by either. Under the leadership of the fugitive Don Cossacks Pyotr Zapruda and Grigory Krivonog, experienced in military affairs, fortifications were erected in the monastery.
In the summer-autumn months of 1674 and 1675. Hot battles broke out under the walls of the monastery, in which both sides suffered heavy losses.” [Froomenkov 2 - 23]
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Popular movements of the 17th century. “Rebellious Age” Prepared by O.Sh. Latypova, history and social studies teacher of Federal State Educational Institution Secondary School No. 4 of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
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Characterize the difficult internal situation of Russia in the 17th century, present the cause-and-effect relationships of popular uprisings in the 17th century, and determine the features of popular uprisings. LESSON OBJECTIVES: LESSON PLAN: Causes of popular uprisings Salt riot Copper riot Stepan Razin's uprising Speeches by the Old Believers Chronological table “17th century - “rebellious century”
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REASONS FOR THE PEOPLE'S PERFORMANCES The main reasons for the popular uprisings were: the enslavement of the peasants and the growth of feudal duties; increasing tax oppression, waging almost continuous wars, increasing administrative red tape; attempts to limit Cossack freedom; church schism and reprisals against Old Believers. The main tax burden falls on the shoulders of the people, who express their protest by riots. Moscow 17th century
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REASONS FOR PEOPLE'S DISTURBANCES During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet), the country was shaken by popular uprisings, which were remembered by both contemporaries and descendants. The 17th century was nicknamed “Rebellious”. The most famous social protests: the Salt, Plague and Copper riots, the peasant war led by Stepan Razin and the “Rebellious Age” movement of the Old Believers
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The reason was the attempt of boyar B.I. Morozov to introduce an additional tax on the sale and purchase of salt in Since salt was the most important consumer product, its rise in price hit the population SALT RIOT On June 1, 1648, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery to the Kremlin. A crowd of Muscovites tried to file a petition with him, but the archers dispersed the crowd. Ernest Lissner "Salt Riot"
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SALT RIOT On June 2, 1648, the townspeople burst into the Kremlin, but they failed to deliver the petition to the Tsar - the boyars tore up the petition and threw it at the people. On the same day, the dissatisfied destroyed the houses of the hated boyars. On June 4, 1648, the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, was torn to pieces on Red Square. The Tsar managed to save only his “uncle” B.I. Morozov, urgently sending him into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. . B. Kustodiev. "Revolt of the townspeople in the 17th century"
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SALT RIOT Results and results of the salt riot The king made concessions to the rebels. The perpetrators of corrupt policies were handed over to the crowd for execution. Later, the Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1649, at which a unified procedure for legal proceedings was introduced, most taxes were abolished. The Streltsy who participated in the riot were not punished, but on the contrary, they were kept in the service and their salaries were increased. The leaders and the most active participants were executed by torture on the rack. Ancient engraving.
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The Copper Riot was an uprising against the increase in taxes and the issuance of copper coins that were depreciating in value compared to silver coins since 1654, which took place in Moscow on July 25, 1662. It was prescribed to trade with copper money and pay taxes in silver. “The peasants, seeing such bad made money at one time... did not begin to carry hay and firewood and food supplies to the cities,” and “great poverty began throughout the country... and in all kinds of grub there was a great price... from thieves from copper money.”From the chronicle COPPER REVOLT Copper penny
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COPPER RIOT In August 1662, sheets of accusations against a number of wealthy boyars, who were accused of secret relations with Poland, were discovered in Lubyanka. Although the accusations had no basis, the crowd rushed to destroy their houses, and then went to the king in the village. Kolomenskoye Ernest. Lissner. "Uprising in Kolomenskoye in 1662"
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The king entered into negotiations with the rebels and promised to abolish copper money. Believing the tsar, the townspeople headed back to Moscow. However, on the way they met a new crowd of thousands, and the procession to Kolomenskoye resumed. Meanwhile, the king managed to gather troops. The unarmed crowd was put to flight by force of arms. COPPER RIOT
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COPPER RIOT “And that same day, 150 people were hanged near that village, and the rest were all under decree, they were tortured and burned, and on investigation for guilt they cut off their arms and legs and fingers, and beat others with whips and put them on on the right side of the face there are signs that the iron has been lit red, and “beeches” are placed on that iron, that is, a rebel, so that he will be recognized forever; and inflicting punishment on them, they sent everyone to distant cities, to Kazan, and to Astarakhan, and to Terki, and to Siberia, for eternal life... and by another thief, days and nights, a decree was made, tying their hands back and putting them in large ships sank in the Moscow River"
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Results and results of the copper riot The result of the copper riot was the gradual abolition of the copper coin. In 1663, the copper yards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and the minting of silver coins resumed. Copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation and melted down into other necessary items from copper. COPPER RIOT Palekh miniature. "Copper Riot"
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The largest popular uprising of the 17th century was the uprising of Cossacks and peasants led by S. T. UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Razin, a native of the Don village of Zimoveyskaya. Peasants, townspeople, and everyone who wanted to become free fled to the Don from serfdom. " There was an unwritten law among the Cossacks - “there is no extradition from the Don.” The source of income for the Cossacks was campaigns “for zipuns”, i.e. for the loot Stepan Razin
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Stepan Razin himself was an evil and intelligent man, experienced and cunning, had a penchant for adventure, military skill and the qualities of a ruthless chieftain. THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN B. M. Kustodiev. "Stepan Razin"
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During the first campaign (1667-1669), which is called the “campaign for zipuns,” Razin’s detachment blocked the main economic artery of southern Russia - the Volga, and captured merchant ships of Russian and Persian merchants. S. Razin captured the Yaitsky town and defeated the Persian fleet. Having received rich booty, in the summer of 1669 Razin returned to the Don and settled with his detachment in the town of Kagalnitsky. Stepan Razin's campaign for "zipuns" THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN
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THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Thousands of disadvantaged people began to come here from everywhere. Feeling strong, Razin announced a campaign against Moscow, where he promised “to beat all the princes and boyars and all the Russian nobility.”
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Lovely letters from S. Razin “...by the decree of the great sovereign, the Tsar and the Grand Duke, the UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Alexei Mikhailovich... and according to the letter of him, the great sovereign, we, the great army of the Don, went beyond the Don to serve him, the great sovereign, because nevo, the great sovereign, there were no princes and from them, the traitor boyars. And we, the great Don army, stood behind the house Holy Mother of God and for him, the great sovereign, and for all the mob. » Cossack plows
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Among the participants in the performance were Cossacks, Russian peasants, representatives of many peoples of the Volga region: Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Mordovians. Most of them were attracted to Razin by the fact that he declared each participant in the performance to be a Cossack (i.e., a free person). The total population of the rebel lands was about 200 thousand people. THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN The territory covered by the uprising of S. Razin.
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In the spring of 1670, the second stage of Razin's speech began. The rebels immediately captured Tsaritsyn and approached the well-fortified Astrakhan, which surrendered without a fight. The success of the rebels served as a signal for the population of many Volga cities to go over to Razin’s side: Saratov, Samara, Penza and others. In September 1670, the rebels laid siege to Simbirsk. THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Weapons of the Razins.
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THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN On October 1, 1670, a decisive battle began under the walls of Simbirsk. S. Razin fought in the thick of things, but his army could not resist, it ran. The wounded S. Razin was taken out of the battle. With his closest associates, he sailed down the Volga and disappeared on the Don. The forces of the rebels were scattered, they suffered defeats. About 11 thousand people were executed in Arzamas. Up to 100 thousand participants in the uprising were subjected to repression. V. Surikov. "Stepan Razin"
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THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Fearing reprisals, rich Cossacks led by ataman Kornila Yakovlev captured Razin and handed him over to Moscow. On June 6, 1670, after torture, Stepan Razin was quartered on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. S. A. Kirillov “They’re taking Razin!” S. A. Kirillov “Stepan Razin”
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However, the uprising continued. Only a year later, in November 1671, the tsarist troops managed to occupy Astrakhan and completely suppress the uprising. The scale of reprisals against differences was enormous. In Arzamas alone, up to 11 thousand people were executed. In total, up to 100 thousand rebels were killed and tortured. The country has never known such massacres. THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Reprisal against the rebels
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Results of the uprising. The rebels did not achieve satisfaction of any of their goals: the tightening of the tsar’s power continued, the Cossacks were pushed out of government for a long time, and serfdom was not abolished. THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN Reprisal against the rebels
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SPEECHES BY OLD BELIEVERS The Old Believers movement united representatives of various social strata. The forms of protest were also varied: from self-immolation and starvation, refusal to recognize Nikon’s reform, evasion of duties and disobedience to authorities to armed resistance to the tsarist governors. For peasant Old Believers and townspeople, this was a form of social protest. V. Surikov “Boyaryna Morozova”
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