Riddles and secrets of the universe. Mysteries and mysteries of the universe Mysteries and mysteries of the universe
The boundless, boundless expanses of space have attracted man for thousands of years. sought to comprehend the mysteries and secrets of the universe, watching the movement of the stars. Based on their astrological calculations, they tried to predict the fate of the peoples, as well as the rulers of the earth.
The sun is the source of life on earth
The sun gives light, warmth, life and ... death? Indeed, without solar energy, the existence of the most interesting riddle and mystery of the universe is impossible - life on Earth. However, this powerful force has another side. In 1859, increased solar activity led to a powerful electromagnetic storm, as a result of which telegraph communications were out of order throughout North America and Europe. Solar flares can cause not only man-made disasters, but also a deterioration in well-being in hypertensive patients, in people suffering from heart disease.
Presumably, about 70% of hypertensive crises, heart attacks, strokes occur during a period of increased solar activity (during solar storms). Scientists believe that this is due to oxygen starvation of tissues - capillary blood flow slows down due to fluctuations in the geomagnetic field.
Modern society is heavily dependent on electronics and electricity.
Imagine for a moment what will happen if the computers that control the activities of defense systems, nuclear power plants, water supply systems cease to function? A powerful flash in the sun can destroy absolutely all electronics! - telephone communication will be turned off, radio, television, Internet will be unavailable. Banks and commercial organizations will stop working normally.
Since ancient times, people have believed that anomalies associated with the sun (for example, an eclipse) are an omen of wars, epidemics, or other significant events. The sun was worshiped as the supreme deity. By the way, it was the sun that was most often sacrificed to animals and even people.
Secrets of the universe - what is reality?
It is not given to a person to clarify the secrets of the universe for himself - the deeper we "climb" into space, the more mysteries and secrets the universe presents us with. It was much easier in the Middle Ages, when people believed in the "firmament", outside of which are heaven, hell, or other mythical regions controlled by an incomprehensible deity.
But technological progress has done its job - rockets and satellites have allowed researchers to penetrate into previously inaccessible limits. And immediately questions arose - did the universe arise on its own or was it created by someone? Is there an edge of the universe or is space infinite? Will we find?
Trying to explain the mysteries and mysteries of the universe from a scientific point of view, physicists and astrophysicists have developed many theories. Here is one of the most original hypotheses - the universe is a projection, a hologram. The author of this unexpected idea was a physicist from the University of London named David Bohm. It would seem an absurd theory, but it has found its supporters. Leonard Susskind of Stanford University and Nobel Prize-winning physicist Gererd Huft supported Bohm. According to these scientists, our world is a two-dimensional space, and the effect of the third dimension is nothing but a hologram.
Adherents of the theory "the world is a hologram" did not stop there. They made a map of the cosmos, from which it follows that the universe is not infinite at all, and it was created only 13.7 billion years ago. Apparently, we can only prostrate before the guru of physics. But you must admit that sitting in front of a three-dimensional monitor, it is not so easy to believe in its illusory nature.
Be finiteness is a paradox
The phrase "the universe is infinite" is so familiar to each of us that we do not see any mystery in it. However, the possibility of the existence of limited forms in infinite space simply does not fit in the mind. Infinity can be thought of as something that is constantly growing in size. Accordingly, any limited form, whether it be the smallest bacterium or a huge planet, is continuously decreasing in relation to the universe ...
The universe is full of mysteries and inexplicable phenomena. Its sheer size is already a mystery in itself. And, in the end, no one knows what the Universe is. In this review, we have collected the most incredible mysteries that still haunt scientists today.
1. How old is the universe
At the dawn of the 21st century, despite all the inventions and scientific and technological progress, the age of the universe remains a mystery. According to the latest estimates of experts, the age of the universe is 13.8 billion years.
2. How galaxies form
There are so many discussions about how galaxies formed, but no one really knows for sure. Scientists do not know what happened after the Big Bang: small particles began to slowly combine and gradually form stars, star clusters and galaxies, or whether the Universe was originally a structure in the form of clumps of matter, which later split into galaxies.
3. Rectangular Galaxy
It's called the "emerald-shaped galaxy" and was recently discovered by an international team of astronomers from Swinburne University of Technology in Australia. The gem-shaped galaxy was discovered using the Subaru telescope by Japanese astrophysicist Lee Spitler. The unusual shape is believed to be the result of a collision between two galaxies.
4. The universe before the Big Bang
Did anything exist before the Big Bang? This is something that people will probably never know.
5. How life appeared on Earth
Scientists know that the Earth was devoid of life when the solar system formed. However, whether the first forms of life arose on Earth or elsewhere is a huge mystery that is the subject of serious scientific debate. Previously, scientists believed that all life could have arisen spontaneously, but some scientists believe that complex organic molecules could have originated in space and were brought to Earth by comets or meteorites.
6. Dark matter
No one knows exactly what dark matter is, which is supposedly 22% in the universe. Because it (presumably) does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation, direct observation of dark matter is impossible. The conclusion about its existence was made on the basis of the behavior of astronomical objects and gravitational effects.
7. How big is the universe
Everyone knows that the universe is huge. Although the size of the observable universe is about 13.8 billion years, the distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 46 billion light years. This is because the universe is constantly expanding and constantly getting bigger all the time the light was coming towards the earth.
8. Black holes
The concept of black holes goes back to the 1780s, when John Michell and Laplace proposed the existence of "dark stars" whose gravity was so strong that it attracted even light radiation. However, people still don't know much about black holes. For example, in 2014, scientists discovered galaxies with three supermassive black holes in the center (and it was previously assumed that there could be only 1 black hole in the center of the galaxy).
9. Gamma-ray bursts
One of the biggest mysteries of astronomy over the past three decades has been the nature of gamma-ray bursts (the most powerful bursts of energy in the universe). Scientists can detect them and observe them, but they still have no idea why they appear randomly and why they happen at all.
10. Dark energy
According to the most commonly accepted theory, dark energy should act in opposition to gravity. It is she who makes up approximately 68% of the universe and causes its expansion. In all other respects, what it is is a complete mystery.
11. Was there a Big Bang
Our universe, according to Einstein's theory, is about 13.8 billion years old and was formed from an infinitesimal point during the Big Bang. Although most scientists today accept this model, the scientific community still cannot explain what happened at this small point before the explosion and why it happened.
12. Are people alone in the universe?
This is another great mystery that many thinkers and scientists have tried to solve throughout the history of human civilization, but so far they have not found an answer to it. It's also a question of whether people will even be able to realize a completely different life - after all, maybe right now a different type of life is watching people, and they don't even understand it.13. The origin of life
This is without a doubt one of the oldest questions and the biggest mystery in human history. Although there are theories out there that try to explain this with complex chemical reactions, in reality, scientists do not have a clear, unambiguous explanation for life.
14. Is everything around true
Since people began to think analytically, this question has been lurking somewhere in the subconscious. And it consists in the following: is what people see what it really is.
15. What is gravity really
Gravity played a big role in creating the universe as it is today. Thanks to gravity, pieces of matter “stuck together” into planets, moons and stars. Because of gravity, when a person drops something, the object falls down instead of up. But what kind of power it really is is unknown. Although scientists can observe and understand how gravity "behaves", they have no idea why it exists. For example, if gravity is the force that causes all matter to be attracted to all others, why inside atoms are mostly empty space.
And in continuation of the unearthly theme - incredible.
Secrets of the Earth and the Universe
The Big Mystery of the Big Bang
The spectacle of the night starry sky, strewn with stars, fascinates any person whose soul has not yet become lazy and completely stale. The mysterious depth of Eternity opens up before the astonished human gaze, causing thoughts about the original, about where it all began ...
If, out of curiosity, we pick up a reference book or some popular science manual, we will certainly stumble upon one of the versions of the theory of the origin of the Universe - the so-called "big bang" theory. Briefly, this theory can be stated as follows: initially, all matter was compressed into one "point", which had an unusually high temperature, and then this "point" exploded with tremendous force. As a result of the explosion, atoms, substances, planets, stars, galaxies and, finally, life were gradually formed from a super-hot cloud of subatomic particles gradually expanding in all directions. At the same time, the expansion of the Universe continues, and it is not known how long it will continue: perhaps someday it will reach its borders.
There is another theory of the origin of the universe. According to it, the origin of the Universe, the entire universe, life and man is a reasonable creative act carried out by God, the creator and omnipotent, the nature of which is incomprehensible to the human mind. "Convinced" materialists are usually inclined to ridicule this theory, but since half of humanity believes in it in one form or another, we have no right to pass it over in silence.
Explaining the origin of the Universe and man from a mechanistic position, interpreting the Universe as a product of matter, whose development is subject to the objective laws of nature, supporters of rationalism, as a rule, deny non-physical factors, especially when it comes to the existence of some kind of Universal or Cosmic mind, since it is " unscientific." Scientific same should be considered that which can be described with the help of mathematical formulas.
One of the biggest problems facing the proponents of the "big bang" theory is precisely that none of the scenarios they propose for the emergence of the universe can be described mathematically or physically. According to the basic theories of the "big bang", the initial state of the universe was an infinitely small point with an infinitely high density and an infinitely high temperature. However, such a state goes beyond the limits of mathematical logic and cannot be described formally. So in reality, nothing definite can be said about the initial state of the Universe, and the calculations here fail. Therefore, this state has received the name "phenomenon" among scientists.
Since this barrier has not yet been overcome, in popular science publications for the general public, the topic of “phenomenon” is usually omitted altogether, and in specialized scientific publications and publications whose authors are trying to somehow cope with this mathematical problem, about the “phenomenon are said to be scientifically unacceptable. Stephen Hawking, professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and J.F.R. Ellis, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cape Town, in his book The Long Scale Structure of Space-Time states: “The results we have achieved support the concept that the universe began a finite number of years ago. However, the starting point of the theory of the origin of the universe - the so-called "phenomenon" - is beyond the known laws of physics. Then one has to admit that in order to substantiate the "phenomenon", this cornerstone of the "big bang" theory, it is necessary to admit the possibility of using research methods that go beyond the scope of modern physics.
A "phenomenon", like any other starting point of the "beginning of the universe", involving something that cannot be described by scientific categories, remains an open question. However, the following question arises: where did the “phenomenon” itself come from, how did it form? After all, the problem of the “phenomenon” is only part of a much larger problem, the problem of the very source of the initial state of the Universe. In other words, if the Universe was originally compressed into a point, then what brought it to this state? And even if we abandon the “phenomenon” that causes theoretical difficulties, the question still remains: how did the Universe form?
In an attempt to circumvent this difficulty, some scientists propose the so-called "pulsating universe" theory. In their opinion. The Universe is infinitely, time after time, either shrinking to a point, or expanding to some boundaries. Such a universe has neither beginning nor end, there is only a cycle of expansion and a cycle of contraction. At the same time, the authors of the hypothesis argue that the Universe has always existed, thereby seemingly completely removing the question of the “beginning of the world”.
But the fact is that no one has yet presented a satisfactory explanation of the mechanism of pulsation. Why does the Universe pulsate? What are the reasons for it? Physicist Steven Weinberg in his book "The First Three Minutes" indicates that with each next pulsation in the Universe, the ratio of the number of photons to the number of nucleons must inevitably increase, which leads to the extinction of new pulsations. Weinberg concludes that in this way the number of cycles of the Universe pulsation is finite, which means that at some point they must stop. Therefore, the "pulsating Universe" has an end, and therefore has a beginning...
And again we run into the problem of the beginning ...
Einstein's general theory of relativity creates additional trouble. The main problem with this theory is that it does not consider time as we know it. In Einstein's theory, time and space are combined into a four-dimensional space-time continuum. It is impossible for him to describe an object as occupying a certain place at a certain time. The relativistic description of an object defines its spatial and temporal position as a single whole, stretched from the beginning to the end of the object's existence. For example, a person would be depicted as a single whole along the entire path of his development from the embryo to the corpse. Such constructions are called "space-time worms".
But if we are "space-time worms," then we are only an ordinary form of matter. The fact that man is a rational being is not taken into account. By defining man as a "worm", the theory of relativity does not take into account our individual perception of the past, present and future, but considers a number of separate cases, united by spatio-temporal existence. In fact, we know that we exist only in today, while the past exists only in our memory, and the future - in our imagination. And this means that all concepts of the "beginning of the Universe", built on the theory of relativity, do not take into account the perception of time by human consciousness. However, time itself is still little studied.
Analyzing alternative, non-mechanistic conceptions of the origin of the Universe, John Gribbin in his book "White Gods" emphasizes that in recent years there has been a "series of ups and downs of the creative imagination of thinkers, whom today we no longer call either prophets or clairvoyants." One of such creative upsurges was the concept of "white holes", or quasars, which "spit out" entire galaxies in the flow of primary matter. Another hypothesis discussed in cosmology is the idea of so-called space-time tunnels, so-called "space channels". This idea was first expressed in 1962 by the physicist John Wheeler in the book Geometrodynamics, in which the researcher formulated the possibility of extra-spatial, extraordinarily fast intergalactic travel, which, if moving at the speed of light, would take millions of years. Some versions of the concept of "supra-dimensional channels" consider the possibility of using them to travel to the past and future, as well as to other universes and dimensions.
As you can see, the Big Bang theory is under attack from all sides, which causes legitimate displeasure among orthodox scientists. At the same time, scientific publications more and more often come across indirect or direct recognition of the existence of supernatural forces beyond the control of science. There is a growing number of scientists, including major mathematicians and theoretical physicists, who are convinced of the existence of God or a higher Mind. Such scientists include, for example, Nobel Prize winners George Wylde and William McCree.
The famous Soviet scientist, doctor of sciences, physicist and mathematician O.V. Tupitsyn was the first Russian scientist who managed to mathematically prove that the Universe, and with it man, were created by a Mind that is immeasurably more powerful than ours, that is, by God.
It is impossible to argue, writes O.V. Tupitsyn that life, including intelligent life, is always a strictly ordered process. Life is based on order, a system of laws by which matter moves. Death, on the contrary, is disorder, chaos and, as a result, the destruction of matter. No order is possible without influence from the outside, moreover, the influence of a reasonable and purposeful one - the process of destruction immediately begins, which means death. Without understanding this, and therefore without recognizing the idea of God, science will never be destined to discover the root cause of the Universe that arose from pra-matter as a result of strictly ordered processes or, as physics calls them, fundamental laws. Fundamental - this means basic and unchanging, without which the existence of the world would be generally impossible.
However, it is very difficult for a modern person, especially one brought up on atheism, to include God in the system of his worldview - due to undeveloped intuition and a complete lack of a concept of God. Well, then you have to believe in the "big bang" ...
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Did you know, for example, that if Saturn is placed in a bath of water, it will float, that a day on Venus lasts longer than a year, and that the Moon moves away from the Earth by 3.8 centimeters every year. There are more than 8,000 pieces of space debris flying in Earth's orbit, and there is a diamond floating in the Galaxy, the size of which exceeds the size of the Earth. Astronauts say space smells like fried steak, hot metal and welding smoke, while scientists say the Galaxy tastes like raspberries and smells like rum. Sometimes scientists manage to solve these riddles, and sometimes you have to struggle for answers for many years and not find them. Perhaps because some mysteries must remain? So, "Ytro.ru" presents the ten most interesting mysteries of the universe
1. The Big Bang Theory
Scientists are sure that the cosmos was formed after the so-called Big Bang, before which nothing existed - neither time, nor matter, nor light. And then an inexplicable expansion of energy (an explosion) happened, and the greatest mystery was formed - the Universe. Moreover, the explosion occurred in a matter of seconds, after which the Universe, which at first was a fireball, began to grow rapidly and cool down. And by the way, the Big Bang is not like fireworks at all, it was rather a very rapid expansion of space.
2. We are waiting for the Big Freeze
Since the Universe came into being as a result of an explosion, the most likely demise for it is the Big Freeze, scientists believe. And it will happen as a result of the fact that due to the constant movement and expansion of many galaxies, the Universe will eventually lose heat, that is, useful energy.
Approximate age of the universe - 13.7 billion years
3. The universe is 13.7 billion years old
In fact, 13.7 billion is not an exact figure, but the closest to the truth. That is what the WMAP team calls, which has collected all the necessary information for a rough estimate of the age of the Universe. And this information is based on measurements of relic radiation and changes in the content of some radioactive nuclei. Observations made on globular clusters that contain old stars also point to values close to this, 13.7 billion years.
4. Black holes
This is perhaps the most terrible and strange phenomenon in the universe. Black holes lurk in the cores of galaxies, devouring millions and billions of stars, and they are so heavy that they warp space and time. By the way, the Sun will never become a black hole, scientists say, since this requires a mass that is 10 to 15 times greater than the sun's. And in order for a black hole to swallow, for example, the Earth, one must still try to get closer to it.
5 Shooting Stars
Surely you have seen a shooting star at least once in your life and even made a wish. So, in fact, these are not stars, but meteorites that burn up in the Earth's atmosphere. But the good news is that shooting stars also exist. One in a hundred million. And scientists discovered the first of the "shooting stars" not so long ago - in 2005. It moved through the Galaxy at a breakneck speed of about 900 km/s, ten times the normal speed. On the other hand, approximately 275 million new stars are born in the universe every day.
About 275 million new stars are born in the universe every day.
6. Dark matter
What we call "dark matter" makes up about 23% of the universe and is invisible to the human eye. This is a hypothetical form of matter that does not have electromagnetic radiation and is not consistent with it. Therefore, most of the matter in the universe is invisible. And everything visible - planets, stars, comets, asteroids, dust, gas and particles - is only 4% of the Universe. Scientists have been feverishly trying to see "dark matter" with their instruments for years, but so far they have been unsuccessful.
7. Dark energy
And then there is "dark energy". In the Universe, it occupies 73%, penetrates space and removes galaxies from each other at super speeds. The pace of this growth is so great that one day, according to British scientists, it will lead to the Great Schism. That is, the force of "dark energy" will overcome gravity and a chain reaction will begin: it will separate the stars from the planets, then the forces that hold the particles together, then the molecules of these particles, and, finally, the atom and subatomic particles. This is where the big split happens. But we probably won't live to see it.
8. Planets
We live on Earth and at least roughly imagine how everything happens here, but the rest of the planets of the solar system, and, especially, outside it, still remain the biggest mystery to humans. For example, scientists cannot yet explain how rocky planets once formed from gas and dust. And they discovered the first planet outside the solar system only in 1999. Then, in 2008, they discovered the first exoplanet completely covered in burning ice, located at a distance of 33 light-years from Earth. At the moment, the existence of 1849 exoplanets in 1160 planetary systems has been reliably confirmed, of which 471 have more than one planet.
The first planet outside the solar system was discovered in 1999
9. Gravity
Gravity is the interaction between all material bodies on Earth and in the Universe. Its power makes the stars burn and the planets are next to each other, because it is gravity that forms the orbits. However, the source of gravity outside of matter still remains an absolute mystery to scientists. Although some of them believe that very small particles called "gravitons" are responsible for gravity, they wonder if they can be detected.
10 Parallel Universes
Every minute and even every second, our Universe is divided into many entities, each of which continues its development, quantum physicists are sure. But none of them can say for sure whether the Multiverse actually exists.
It's no secret that outer space is full of unexplained mysteries and unsolved mysteries that continue to disturb the minds of scientists trying to find logical answers to them. From the mysterious dark matter to the multiverse, the truth behind these mysteries may turn out to be more surprising than the most incredible fiction!
1. The size of the universe
Many scientists and researchers are trying in vain to find the answer to this question, however, unfortunately, everything remains at the level of several hypotheses and assumptions. To find the key to unraveling the mystery, scientists have studied a huge amount of information. Starting with the solar system, they discovered a myriad of new questions that led them further into a dead end.
Trying to decipher the solar system, scientists have found that there are more than 200 billion solar systems in our galaxy alone, and there may be about 150 billion galaxies in the universe. Imagine how crazy and incredible a particular result can be! However, Oxford University researchers believe that the universe is at least 250 times its estimated size - and that's just for galaxies, not to mention planets!
2. Black holes
Black holes are one of the most mysterious mysteries of the universe. Some scientists believe that the structure of black holes resembles the structure of galaxies, and they are characterized by very high and powerful levels of gravity, capable of absorbing everything, including light.
Even more interesting is that in the Milky Way alone, scientists admit the existence of about 100 million black holes, but how they form, how they function, and what happens when matter enters them, remains a mystery.
3. What came first - a black hole or a galaxy?
Another exciting question for scientists is what came first - black holes or galaxies? Judging by the results of the study of the radio frequency spectrum, black holes were the first to exist. According to Chris Carilli, a researcher at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory, black holes first appeared, and only then stellar galaxies formed around them.
4. Dark matter
Dark matter is another mystery that we have no idea about. Hoping to get to the bottom of the truth, scientists put forward a variety of assumptions and assumptions, but the only thing they found out is that dark matter is a substance that functions like a web. They also came to the conclusion that this substance can be up to 25% of the entire universe. Dark matter exists and there is a lot of evidence for this, but what exactly it is remains a mystery.
5. Dark matter temperature
Scientists are trying to understand not only what Dark Matter is - they are also interested in how cold or hot it can be. Various theories suggest that dark matter can be hot, warm or cold, but the Lambda-CM model is generally accepted, according to which this substance is cold and dark.
6. Dark energy
In the 1990s, a group of astrophysicists called dark energy a substance that, in their opinion, counteracts gravity and accelerates the expansion of the universe. Scientists believe that dark energy makes up almost 70% of our unexplored and mysterious universe. According to some theories, dark energy is a region known as "quintessence" - the concept of a scalar field that varies in time and space, proposed by Einstein.
7. Nemesis is our second sun
Some secrets of outer space are very difficult for the human brain to perceive, if at all possible. So, many scientists believe that we once had two suns, one of which bore the name of Nemesis.
Astronomers believe that since 80% of star systems are binary, there is a possibility that the sun was once binary as well. Surprisingly, recent studies confirm this, because as a result of a detailed study of the stars of the Milky Way, scientists have come to the conclusion that all sun-like stars are born in pairs. However, until a star is found that is identical in composition to our sun, Nemesis will remain one of the universe's most mysterious mysteries.
8. Moon
In fact, no one knows where the moon came from. Despite numerous studies, the answer to this question has still been found and everything remains at the level of theories and assumptions. Some popular theories suggest that the Moon was the result of a gigantic collision between Earth and a "protoplanet" about 4.5 billion years ago.
Another popular theory suggests that the Moon is actually an asteroid stuck in our gravity.
9. Space noises
The sound of the universe is inaccessible to the human ear, because in space the molecules of a substance do not collide with each other and do not create a vibration that is familiar to our eardrum. Nevertheless, the sound of the cosmos exists and can be determined using radio signals, but scientists cannot explain where it comes from and what causes it.
10. Cosmic rays
Cosmic rays are high energy particles moving through outer space. The intensity of cosmic rays increases noticeably and substantially. According to Caltech scientist Richard Mewaldt, in 2019, the intensity of the rays increased by 19% - a value recorded for the first time in 50 years.