Correct judgments about truth and its criteria. True
> > > Select correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1. Relative truth, in contrast to absolute truth, determines the essence of social and natural phenomena
Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1. Relative truth, in contrast to absolute truth, determines the essence of social and natural phenomena
Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Relative truth, in contrast to absolute truth, determines the essence of social and natural phenomena.
2. True knowledge always corresponds to the object being known.
3. B scientific knowledge absolute truth is an ideal, a goal.
4. Relative truth, unlike absolute truth, can change over time.
5. Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge.
The first judgment is erroneous; any truth determines the essence of social and natural phenomena.
The second judgment is correct and reflects the essence of truth.
The third judgment is correct and captures the idea of absolute truth as a goal.
The fourth proposition is correct; it reflects the difference between relative truth and absolute truth.
The fifth proposition is erroneous, any truth is knowledge, connection with practice is not necessary.
The concept of truth is leading in the philosophy of the name. All problems of the philosophy of the theory of knowledge concern either the means and ways of achieving truth, or the forms of its implementation, the structure of cognitive relations, etc.
The concept of truth is one of the most important in the general system of ideological problems. It is on a par with such concepts as “justice”, “goodness”, “meaning of life”. The problem of truth, like the problem of changing theories, is not as trivial as it might seem at first glance. This can be seen by remembering the atomistic concept of Democritus and its fate. Its main position: “All bodies are made of atoms. “Atoms are indivisible,” is it true or false from the standpoint of the science of our time? If we consider it a delusion, then wouldn’t it be subjectivity?
How can any concept that has been proven to be true turn out to be false in practice? In this case, we will come to the recognition that today's theory (theories) - sociological, biological, physical, philosophical - are true only “today”, and in 100-300 years they will already be delusions? The alternative assertion that Democritus’ concept is a delusion must also be rejected. So, the atomistic concept ancient world, atomistic concept of the 17th-18th centuries. neither truth nor error.
1.1 Truth and the range of its problems
Dictionary modern philosophy defines the concept of “truth” as follows: “Truth (Greek aletheia, lit. - “unconcealment”) is knowledge that corresponds to its subject, coinciding with it. The main properties and signs of truth include: objectivity in its external source and subjectivity in its internal ideal content and form; procedural nature (truth is a process, not a “bare result”); the unity of the absolute, stable (i.e., “eternal truths”) and the relative, changeable in its content; the relationship between the abstract and the concrete (“truth is always concrete”). Any true knowledge (in science, philosophy, art, etc.) is determined in its content and application by the given conditions of place, time and many other specific circumstances. The opposite of truth and at the same time a necessary moment of the movement of knowledge towards it is error. The criteria of truth are divided into empirical (experience, practice) and non-empirical (logical, theoretical, as well as such as simplicity, beauty, internal perfection of knowledge, etc.).” But this definition is quite incomplete and should be expanded upon in more detail. I believe that special attention should be paid to such an issue as the criteria of truth.
There are truths empirical And theoretical. Empyria is experience. From experiments we derive an idea of some particular empirical truths. Most often they are superficial, do not claim the status of law and can be easily refuted in different situations. Theoretical truths are the exact opposite of empirical ones. They are contained in strict formulations of the law, that is, they express not a random and superficial, but a deep connection between things.
1.2 Development of directions that study the truth
A person cannot live and develop without comprehending truths, without comparing his subjective images with what is happening around him. Therefore, the question of truth arose in the most ancient times. Along with the question, various answers arose, in which the truth itself, the conditions for its discovery, and its position in existence were understood in completely different ways.
Firstly, in all periods of history, starting from ancient times, there was a direction skepticism(or otherwise, relativism). Skeptics believe that the search for a common truth for all is a fruitless and thankless task. On almost any issue, be it nature or morality, two directly opposing opinions can be formulated, and both of them will be equally valid. This is clearly seen in philosophical statements about the world as a whole. The propositions “the world is finite” - “the world is infinite”, “God exists” - “There is no God”, “freedom exists” - “there is no freedom and everything is necessary” - collect equivalent argumentation for both affirmation and denial . Therefore, skeptics believe, there is no point in fighting in contradiction, and it is best to refrain from making judgments about the truth. Anyone who believes that he has the truth is afraid of losing it. He who has not found the truth suffers from not having it. Only the sage does not rush around in fruitless searches, he is calm and with an ironic smile watches people who imagine that they know the essence of things.
The second major direction in the understanding of truth is associated with teachings that are usually called objective idealism. Its essence is expressed in the concept of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Plato believed that there is a world of objective ideas (eidos), and our everyday life is only its shadow, an incomplete reflection. The ideas of Beauty, Justice, Love, etc. constitute true existence. They are the truth, the core, the model for everything else.
Another direction in understanding truth is the so-called subjective idealism . It manifested itself especially clearly in the works of the 18th century English bishop George Berkeley. Berkeley believed that the only truth that we can know with certainty is the truth of our sensations. Everything else is mental construction. According to D. Berkeley, the world is my sensation, and there should not be any general concepts that claim to be a general truth. Everything is singular. Berldi's views, leading to the opinion that “the whole world is the creation of my feelings,” were so absurd that at the end of his life he himself moved away from them. But at the beginning of the 20th century they were revived again within the framework of modern positivism, the philosophy of science.
Finally, the ideas of the 17th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant have enormous heuristic (cognitive) value. Kant developed the idea of activity of consciousness and cognition. He considered our cognitive ability to be a complex instrument with the help of which the image of the world is consistently constructed by ourselves. But the material from which the cognitive ability creates this image is taken from the external world - the world “in itself”. The images of the world that exist in our heads do not reflect, according to Kant, extra-human realities, and we do not know and will never know what reality looks like outside the human gaze, but still, knowledge would be impossible without relying on objectivity . The material from which consciousness sculpts its picture does not depend on consciousness itself. Thus, truth turns out to be subjective-objective, including both aspects coming from the world itself and forms of human perception.
Today, a wide variety of philosophical schools converge on this position, which goes back to Kant. Knowledge is our model of the world. Subjective and objective create a kind of unity here. Objective knowledge, or truth, therefore refers to theoretical concepts that have been well tested by experience and shared by the absolute majority of scientific specialists. This means that “true knowledge” is a logical model that is considered the most successful expression of the objective state of affairs at the moment, to the extent that this is generally possible within the framework of human knowledge.
1.3 Concepts of truth
In modern philosophy, three concepts of truth stand out especially clearly: the concept of correspondence (correspondence), coherence and pragmatism.
According to compliance concepts, truth is a form of correlation between the psyche of the subject and the object. Aristotle believed that the true and false are not in things, but in thought. Quite often, a simple scheme of direct correspondence between a feeling or thought and an object is not sufficient. Individual judgments acquire meaning only in a system of judgments. Where multi-link logical constructions are in use, it is necessary to take into account the consistency, coherence, and systematic nature of reasoning and statements. In this regard, they talk about coherent concept of truth. Coherence is understood as the mutual correspondence of statements. A significant contribution to the development of the coherent concept of truth beyond Leibniz, Spinoza, Hegel. The concept of coherence of truth does not cancel the concept of correspondence, but a number of accents in the understanding of truth are placed differently.
A concept in which practice is the criterion of truth is called pragmatic concept of truth, which originates in Greek sophistry and ancient Chinese philosophy. Supporters of Marxism and American pragmatism made a significant contribution to the development of the pragmatic concept of truth. Marxists believe that truth reflects an objective state of affairs; Phagmatists understand truth as the efficiency of feelings, thoughts, ideas, their usefulness in achieving the desired goal.
The idea of the American philosopher N. Rescher seems very valuable, according to which the three concepts of truth do not cancel, but complement each other. All attempts to exclude from philosophy the problematic of one of the concepts of truth end in failure.
1.4. Criteria of truth
Research, repeatedly undertaken by scientists and methodologists at the present stage of development of scientific rationality, leads to the statement that an exhaustive register of criteria of truth is impossible. This is true in connection with the constantly progressing development of science, its transformation, entry into a new, post-non-classical stage, which is in many ways different from the previous classical and non-classical ones. To fill the niche of criteria, they point to such newfangled concepts as progressivism or non-triviality, reliability, criticism, justification. The previously identified criteria, among which the first places are: subject-practical activity, objectivity, and secondly - logical consistency, and simplicity And aesthetic organization, also correspond to the list of criteria for true knowledge.
The problem of the criterion of truth has always been central in the theory of knowledge, because identifying such a criterion means finding a way to separate truth from error. Subjectivist-minded philosophers are unable to correctly resolve the question of the criterion of truth. Some of them claim that the criterion of truth is benefit, utility and convenience (pragmatism), others rely on generally accepted knowledge (the concept of “socially organized experience”), others limit themselves to the formal-logical criterion of truth, reconciling new knowledge with old knowledge, bringing them into conformity with previous ideas (coherence theory), others generally consider the truth of knowledge to be a matter of conditional agreement (conventionalism). In any of these cases, the criterion of truth (if it is recognized) is not taken beyond the limits of reason, so that knowledge is closed in on itself. The criterion of truth does not go beyond the limits of consciousness even in the case when it is limited to the unilateral influence of an object on the sensory organs of the subject. However, firstly, an increasing number of scientific concepts and provisions obtained indirectly do not possess and, therefore, cannot be subjected to verification using sensory experience. Secondly, the sensory experience of the individual subject is insufficient; appealing to the sensory experience of the mass of people means nothing more than the same notorious general acceptance, the opinion of the majority. The statement of those who considered accuracy and rigor, clarity and evidence as the measure of truth is also incorrect. History has not been kind to these views: the entire 20th century. passes under the sign of a certain devaluation of mathematical accuracy and formal logical rigor in connection with the discovery of paradoxes of set theory and logic, so that the accuracy of the so-called “descriptive”, ordinary sciences turned out to be in a sense more “solid” than the accuracy of the most “exact” sciences - - mathematics and formal logic.
So, neither empirical observations, which are not characterized by the universality so necessary for the criterion of truth, nor the fundamentally rationalistic emphasis on the clarity of axioms, initial principles and the rigor of logical proofs are able to provide a reliable, objective criterion of truth. Such a criterion can only be material activity, i.e. practice understood as a socio-historical process. Practice, acting as a criterion of truth, has all the necessary properties for this: activity directed towards an object and going beyond the scope of knowledge; universality, since practice is not limited to the activity of the individual subject of cognition; necessary sensory concreteness. In short, practice involves a transition from thought to action, to material reality. At the same time, success in achieving the goals indicates the truth of the knowledge on the basis of which these goals were set, and failure indicates the unreliability of the initial knowledge. The sensory concreteness of practice does not mean that it must confirm the truth of every concept, every act of cognition. Only individual links in the reasoning of a particular cognitive cycle receive practical confirmation; most acts of cognition are carried out by deducing one knowledge from another, previous one; the process of proof often occurs in a logical way. The logical criterion always accompanies the criterion of practice as a necessary condition for the implementation of the latter. And yet, logical proof acts only as an auxiliary criterion of truth, ultimately itself having a practical origin. The specific weight of the formal-logical criterion of truth (or rather, accuracy and consistency) in the sphere of mathematical knowledge is great. But even here, only in the field of fundamental, “pure” mathematics does it act as a direct criterion for the truth of mathematical constructions. As for applied mathematics, here practice is the only criterion for the truth of mathematical models and their effectiveness.
The relativity of practice as a criterion of truth lies in the fact that, being always historically limited, it is not able to completely, completely prove or disprove all our knowledge. Practice can accomplish this only in the process of its further development.
“Uncertainty”, the relativity of practice as a criterion of truth is in unity with its opposite - certainty, absoluteness (in the end, in principle, in a tendency). Thus, the relativity of practice as a criterion of truth corresponds to relative truth, the nature of the knowledge that humanity has at this stage of its historical development.
1 option
1. Choose the correct judgments about the truth.
1) The relativity of truth is due to the boundlessness and variability of the comprehended world.
2) The relativity of truth is due to the limited cognitive capabilities of man.
3) Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
4) Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
5) The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.
6) Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge
2. Choose the right judgmentsabout the truth. True knowledge:
1) always objectively;
2) is always shared by the majority of people.
3) is an integral property of both relative and absolute truth;
4) is expressed in the independence of knowledge from the preferences and interests of people.
5) is to obtain knowledge corresponding to the subject of study;
6) expressed in the sharing of knowledge by the majority of people.
3 Choose the correct judgments about the truth.
True - Required Result cognitive activity person;
By truth is meantobjective reflection of reality in human consciousness;
True knowledge differs from false knowledge in that itcorresponds to the cognizable object;
True knowledgedoes not contradict previous ideas;
absolute truthexhaustive, exact knowledge about the object of research;
Objective truth is knowledge:independent of people's preferences and interests;
4. “Undoubted, invariably established knowledge once and for all is called ____________
the truth."
5. Match: for each position given in the first column, matchAllcorresponding positions from the second column.
Reliable knowledge, independent of opinions and 1) objective truth
2) Relative truth
people's preferences
B) Comprehensive, complete, reliable knowledge about
3) Absolute truth
Knowledge that gives an approximate
and incomplete reflection of reality
G). Limited knowledge about an object at any given moment
D) Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs
6. Relative _____ ________depends on the real historical conditions of its time, in particular, on the accuracy or perfection of the means of observation and experiment.
7. Absolute and relative truths are forms of truth_______________
The result of cognitive activity is obtaining _______________
9._______________________as one of the criteria of truth includes the experience accumulated by previous generations of people.
10.._______________________is expressed in the independence of knowledge from the preferences and interests of people.
Option 2.
1. Choose the right judgments
1 Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests.
2.. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality.
3. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
4. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite.
5. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science.
6. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.
2. Choose the right judgments
1) Relative truth is incomplete knowledge, true only under certain conditions.
2) All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity.
3) Practice is the only criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world.
4) The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge.
5) The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge.
6) There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.
3. Choose the right judgments
1.Knowledge of the world can occur in the process Everyday life.
2. The object of knowledge can be a person.
3.The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world.
4. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world
5. A feature of social cognition is the independence of the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts.
6. The scientific study of society requires a subjective approach to facts.
4.. Choose the right judgments
1. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result.
2. The results of rational knowledge are consolidated in sensations.
3. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition.
4. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object.
5. Inference is a logical connection of judgments.
6. Results sensory knowledge exist in the form of concepts.
5. Which concept in the series is generalizing for all the others?
1) inference;
2) deduction;
3) concept;
4) cognition;
5) presentation;
6) analogy;
7) judgment.
6. (task 26) 26. Name three aspects of the role of practice in cognition and expand each of them.
7. (task 20) Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“Observation is a purposeful systematic (A) object. Concentrating
attention on the object, the observer relies on some (B) about
it, without which it is impossible to determine the purpose of observation. Observation is characterized by activity (B), its ability to select the necessary information, determined by the purpose of the study.
following. In scientific observation, the interaction between subject and object is mediated by (D) observations: devices and tools with which the observation is carried out. Microscope and telescope, photographic and television equipment, radar and ultrasound generator, many other devices transform microbes, elementary particles, etc. that are inaccessible to human senses. c empirical (D). As a method of scientific knowledge, observation provides the initial ______(E) about an object, necessary for its further research.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be usedone once.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
perception
knowledge
objects
information
cognition
observer
facilities
methods
true
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of your chosen word in the table under each letter.
A8.Write down the word missing in the table
Properties of truth
…….. character.
Reflection of the current level of knowledge about the essence of the phenomenon.
Objective character
Independence from the knowing subject and his consciousness
9. Write down the word missing in the table
FalseDeliberate lie
The person realizes that he is saying something that is not true, but he claims that it is the truth.
A person takes the false for the true.
10. (task 25) Using social science knowledge 1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “truth; 2) make two sentences: - one sentence containing information about the types of truth, - one sentence containing information about one of the types you named.
11. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Truth is the compliance of conclusions with the laws of logic.
2) The universal criterion of truth is social practice.
3) Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to the subject of knowledge.
4) Truth is a feature of the external world that a person is trying to understand.
5) Truth is a reflection of the phenomena of surrounding reality in human creativity
12.
Establish a correspondence between the distinctive features and types of truth: for each
Given the position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second
column.
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF TYPES OF TRUTH
A) complete, exhaustive knowledge 1) absolute truth
B) unchanging knowledge 2) relative truth
C) knowledge that reflects reality; 3) both absolute and relative truths
ity at this stage of cognition
D) objective knowledge
D) knowledge corresponding to the subject of knowledge
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Key
1.4 The concept of truth, its criteria.
1 option
3.23564.Absolute
5. 13221
6. TRUE
7. objectivity
8. knowledge
9.practice
10.objectivity
Option 2.
6. . three manifestations of the role of practice in cognition:-the basis of knowledge, - the goal of knowledge,
-criterion of truth
2) specification of each manifestation is given, for example:
-It is in interaction with the outside world that people develop certain ideas about reality and begin to understand it;
-knowledge is necessary for humanity, first of all, in order to transform the world, improving living conditions, improving social relations;
-in practice, a person becomes convinced of the truth or falsity of his ideas, judgments, theories; if they are confirmed in reality, then they can be considered true.
7. 126734
8. relative
9 misconception
10 Knowledge corresponding to the subject of knowledge.
There are absolute and relative truths.
Relative truth is objective. But incomplete knowledge about an object or phenomenon
11.23
12.11233
Interpretations of the concept of “truth”
- Correspondence of knowledge to reality
- What is confirmed by experience
- Some kind of agreement, convention
- Property of self-consistency of knowledge
- Usefulness of the acquired knowledge for practice
Truth - knowledge , corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it.
Objective truth - this is the content of knowledge that does not depend on man or humanity
Absolute truth is:
Relative truth is:
Comprehensively reliable knowledge about nature, man and society
Knowledge that can never be refuted
Incomplete, inaccurate knowledge , corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge
Knowledge depending on certain conditions, place and time receiving them
False
Deliberate lie
Misconception
A person realizes that his statement is not true, but affirms it as true
A person takes false for true
Does not match objects
Possible criteria
(from gr. krit rion - distinctive feature, measure) of truth
Compliance with the laws of logic
Simplicity, economical form
The paradox of the idea
Compliance with previously discovered laws of a particular science
Compliance with fundamental laws
Practice
Practice - holistic organic system active material activity people directed for transformation reality, carried out in a certain sociocultural context
Forms of practice
Material production (labor), transformation of nature
Social action (reforms, revolutions, wars, etc.)
Science experiment
Functions of practice in the process of cognition
Source of knowledge:
the existing sciences were brought into existence by practical needs
Basis of knowledge: a person not only observes or contemplates the world around him, but in the process of his life transforms it
Purpose of knowledge: This is why a person learns about the world around him, reveals the laws of its development in order to use the results of knowledge in his practical activities
Criterion of truth: Until some position expressed in the form of a theory, concept, simple conclusion is tested experimentally and put into practice, it will remain just a hypothesis (assumption) → the main criterion of truth is practice.
Plans for the topic: “The concept of truth, its criteria”
Plan No. 1: “Truth and its criteria”, “Truth as the goal of cognitive activity”
1) The concept of “truth”.
2) Properties of truth:
– objectivity;
– subjectivity;
– specificity.
3) Types of truth:
– absolute;
– relative.
4) Criteria of truth:
– sensory experience;
- practice;
- knowledge.
5) Misconceptions.
6) The role of truth in scientific knowledge.
Plan No. 2: “Truth and error”
1) The concept of “truth”.
2) Properties of truth:
– objectivity;
– subjectivity;
– specificity.
3) Types of truth:
– absolute;
– relative.
4) Criteria of truth:
– sensory experience;
- practice;
- knowledge.
5) The concept of delusion.
6) Reasons for the existence of misconceptions:
– limited, underdeveloped social practice;
– imperfection of methods and tools of cognition;
– internal physical and spiritual (emotional) state of the subject of cognition;
– limited thinking;
- adherence to dogma.
7) Misconceptions and lies.
Unified State Exam assignments
1. Choose the correct statements about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The criterion of truth can be its recognition by authorities.
2) The criterion of truth may be its compliance with previously discovered laws of science.
4) A statement proven by practice and experience of many generations is recognized as true.
5) Truth is not an element of knowledge that can be refuted in the future.
2. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The objectivity of truth is manifested in its correspondence to the interests of the knowing subject.
2) True knowledge always corresponds to the cognizable object.
3) In scientific knowledge, absolute truth is an ideal, a goal.
4) Only relative truth reveals the patterns and laws according to which the objects being studied function.
5) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.
3. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) True knowledge adequately reflects the surrounding reality.
2) The criterion of true knowledge is compliance with the interests of the knowing subject.
3) Relative truth is knowledge that can change as cognitive capabilities develop.
4) Truth is associated with the conditions of place, time, etc., which must be taken into account in the process of cognition.
5) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge.
4. Choose the correct statements about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The criteria of truth include the compliance of knowledge with the laws of logic.
2) The most important criterion of truth is the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to the interests of the knowing subject.
3) The criteria of truth make it possible to distinguish its true knowledge from error.
4) The criterion of truth can be the compliance of the acquired knowledge with previously discovered laws.
5) The truth of a judgment cannot be verified in practice.
5. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Truth is knowledge corresponding to the properties of the cognizable object.
2) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is comprehensive knowledge about a subject.
3) The only criterion of true knowledge is its obviousness to any person.
4) True knowledge always has an abstract and generalized nature.
5) Truth is determined by reality, social practice.
6. Using social science knowledge,
− one sentence containing information about the criteria of truth;
− one sentence, types of truths.
7. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
2) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.
3) Truth is knowledge that reproduces a cognizable object as it exists independently of human consciousness.
4) Truth is always concrete.
5) The only criterion of truth is compliance with existing scientific theories.
8. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is theoretically based knowledge.
2) The only criterion for true knowledge is an authoritative source of information.
3) There are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways.
5) Truth is always objective.
9. Choose the correct judgments about the criteria of truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The main criterion of truth is compliance with the interests of the knowing subject.
2) The criteria of truth include compliance with the laws of logic.
3) Practical application can test the truth of knowledge.
4) The reason and intuition of a scientist are the criteria of truth.
5) From the point of view of representatives of the philosophical school of empiricists, the main criterion of truth is reason.
10. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) True knowledge, in contrast to false knowledge, corresponds to the subject of knowledge.
2) The only criterion for true knowledge is its acceptance by the community of scientists.
3) Relative truth is limitedly true knowledge.
4) Only absolute truth is characterized by objectivity.
5) True knowledge is formed in the unity of sensory and rational knowledge.
11. Write down the word missing in the table.
PROPERTIES OF TRUTH
... character
CHARACTERISTICS
Objective character
Reflection of the current level of knowledge about the essence of phenomena
Independence from the knowing subject and his consciousness
12. Using social science knowledge,
1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “truth”;
2) make two sentences:
− one sentence containing information about the forms of truth representation;
−
13. Using social science knowledge,
1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “truth”;
2) make two sentences:
− one sentence containing information about relative truth;
− one sentence revealing the objective nature of truth.
14. Choose the correct judgments about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Absolute truth is exhaustive knowledge about a subject.
2) Truth - knowledge obtained as a result of an adequate reflection of the object by the knowing subject.
3) One of the criteria for the truth of knowledge is its understanding and acceptance by the majority of people.
5) Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity.
15. Name and illustrate with examples three criteria of truth. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
16. Using social science knowledge,
1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “truth”;
2) make two sentences:
− one sentence containing information about absolute truth;
− one sentence revealing the relationship between absolute and relative truth.
17. Using social science knowledge,
1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “truth”;
2) make two sentences:
− one sentence containing information about methods of knowing the truth;
− one sentence revealing the essence of absolute truth.
18. Choose the correct judgments about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Absolute truth is the content of knowledge that exists on its own and does not depend on a person.
2) Truth is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it.
3) Truth is one, but it has objective, absolute and relative aspects.
4) Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, depending on certain conditions, place, time and means of obtaining knowledge.
5) Relative truth is always subjective.
19. Find in the list below the features inherent in the scientific understanding of truth. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) knowledge expressed in an accessible form
2) knowledge obtained as a result of an adequate reflection of the object by the knowing subject
3) knowledge that reproduces the cognizable object as it exists independently of human consciousness
4) knowledge corresponding to the interests of the subject
5) knowledge that has wide opportunities for dissemination
6) knowledge that is shared by most people
Answers
- Meaning of the concept
- knowledge that objectively corresponds to the subject of knowledge.
Two sentences:
- in the history of philosophy, there were different approaches to determining the most important criterion of truth: some considered reason to be the main criterion, others experience, and still others practice.
- philosophers distinguish relative (incomplete knowledge about the subject, corresponding to a certain level of development of society) and absolute (complete, irrefutable knowledge about the subject) truths.
- Relative
12 . 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: truth is knowledge that accurately (adequately) reflects reality;
2) One sentence with information about the forms of presenting truth based on knowledge of the course, for example:
- truth can be represented as scientific facts, empirical laws, theories. 3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the objective nature of truth, for example:
- the objective nature of truth is manifested in the fact that its content does not depend on a specific subject of cognition.
13. 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: knowledge corresponding to the properties of the cognizable object;
2) one sentence with information about relative truth based on course knowledge, for example: relative truth is limitedly true knowledge;
3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the objective nature of truth, for example: the objective nature of truth is manifested in the fact that its content does not depend on a specific subject of cognition.
15. - applicability in practice
For example, engineering calculations make it possible to construct buildings that can withstand the required loads and are suitable for use.
- consistency
For example, in the proof of the Pythagorean theorem, all links in the chain of reasoning follow one another, all conclusions are consistent with all premises.
- verifiability (verifiability)
For example, Mendeleev's periodic law is confirmed by the properties chemical elements identified during the experiment.
16. Truth is a true reflection of reality in the human mind. Absolute truth is called complete, exhaustive, accurate knowledge about the object of research, which cannot be refuted. The path to absolute truth lies through relative truths, which can be refuted, for example, due to scientific and technological progress and the emergence of new data.
17. 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: truth is knowledge corresponding to the subject of knowledge (or an adequate reflection of reality in human consciousness);
2) one sentence with information about methods of knowing the truth, based on knowledge of the course, for example: Methods of knowing the truth include observation, experiment, modeling, etc.
3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the essence of absolute truth, for example: Absolute truth is complete, exhaustive knowledge about an object, phenomenon, process.
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The concept of truth is often mentioned by teachers, scientists, religious figures and other representatives of the intellectual elite.
It is as difficult to give it an exact definition as it is to explain it. In the literature you will find several dozen different interpretations. So what is truth? Let's figure it out.
The concept of truth in philosophy
Truth is the central problem in philosophy. After all, philosophers have always tried to describe the world at the most abstract (abstract from specifics) levels.
The founder of the classical interpretation was Aristotle. It is its definition that you will find in school and university textbooks. Other proponents of the classical approach were Plato, Democritus, and Thomas Aquinas. If we translate philosophical language into human language, we get the following formulation:
“Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to objective reality.”
Let's give a simple example. There is a round orange citrus with a sweet and sour aroma on the table. Petya looks at him and thinks: “This is an orange.” His knowledge about the fruit corresponds to reality, and therefore true. Thus, truth is the formula: “Real orange = Knowledge about orange.”
But this is not the only philosophical interpretation of this concept. Exist also such definitions of the concept:
Thus, truth in philosophy is a concept that is used to describe the process of cognition.
The world around us is complex and multifaceted. The more people know about it, the higher the chances of survival and a comfortable existence, the faster technology develops.
If we talk in simple words , then truth is a 100% understanding of the world. People are interested in striving for it.
Truth and its criteria
How to understand something complex? Learn to distinguish it from its opposite. Usually the truth contrasted with lies, uncertainty, mystery, delusion.
Signs that are characteristic only of true knowledge are called criteria of truth.
Various philosophical theories have identified and other criteria, in particular, usefulness, necessity, economy, aesthetics.
In Buddhism, for example, truth is liberation from private desires and suffering, unity with the world. Her awareness is identified with. A person begins to clearly understand his nature.
Types of truth - absolute and relative
The most common classification involves dividing the category into absolute and relative.
Absolute truth– this is a complete correspondence of knowledge to real objects and phenomena. Its criterion is immutability. True knowledge cannot be refuted.
Many people like to claim that this is something unattainable. The opinion is controversial. It is clear that it is difficult to find answers to eternal questions about the world and society, life and death. But the process of cognition also covers small pieces of reality.
Examples absolute truth:
- You cannot divide by “0”;
- it is darker at 3 a.m. than at 2 p.m.;
- birthday only once a year;
- a living penguin cannot fly on its own (and will never learn);
- mosquitoes are mortal.
There is not much absolute true knowledge in the world. Mostly people describe objects and phenomena from one angle, omitting unfamiliar details.
Relative truth– this is an incomplete correspondence of knowledge to reality. Over time, judgments can be adjusted or replaced with new ones. Their authenticity is 100% unprovable and depends on the time period and socio-historical conditions.
Examples regarding true knowledge:
- it’s cold in winter (as a rule, yes, but sometimes there are frosts in November or March, and in the period from December to February the temperature is above zero, so when comparing, this judgment will be relative);
- substances consist of molecules (the knowledge is not complete, because later it turned out that molecules consist of atoms, and atoms - of electrons);
- Liza Petrova is a girl (girls are different: teenagers, 18-25 years old and even older).
The truth also happens objective and subjective depending on whether reality is passed through a person’s consciousness.
There is the Universe, and in it - . The Earth revolves around the Sun. This is an objective truth. It doesn't matter what a person thinks about her. The Earth will still revolve around the Sun.
And now closer to life. A new student came to school. Most of the boys thought: “Lena is beautiful.” This is a subjective truth because it has passed through the consciousness of people. From the point of view of objective reality, there is no concept of beauty. Some boys like skinny girls, others like athletic girls, and others like girls with round shapes.
A special case of subjective truth is truth.
It characterizes a person’s attitude to events that actually happened. It’s not for nothing that they say: “Everyone has their own truth.”
conclusions
In this article you have read more than 10 definitions of this complex concept. And all of them had something in common. Truth cannot be touched or seen.
People came up with this abstract concept in order to make it convenient describe your aspirations towards understanding the world, the steps taken in this direction and the results achieved. The pursuit of true knowledge is the fuel in the engine.
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
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