Scandinavian mythology. List of Norse gods and their meanings
Scandinavians (Swedes, Danes, Norwegians and Icelanders) are extremely superstitious people who have invented their own mysterious mythical world. Legends about ancient gods fighting for power among themselves, fighting evil and protecting people have survived to this day almost unchanged. The gods and creatures, demons and monsters of Scandinavian mythology not only immerse the reader in a world of vivid adventures, but also tell about eternal values - good and evil, love, hatred and betrayal. Their pantheon of gods has no analogues in any other cultures in the world. The people of the North believed that outer space had its own creation, which created various worlds and life forms such as gods, spirits and humanity.
Features of northern mythology
Scandinavian myths combine the legends of the peoples who inhabited the V-VI centuries AD. e. territory of modern Norway, Sweden and Denmark. They were based on ancient Germanic beliefs about the structure of the Universe. The myths reproduce the conditions of life at that time:
- the eternal struggle for survival;
- attempts to grow crops and survive difficult climatic conditions;
- tribal struggle for territory;
- belief in life after death.
In the legends, the Scandinavians worshiped powerful gods with magical power over the fate of man, magical creatures that inspire fear and horror, expected the end of the world and believed in an afterlife.
The mythology of the North is structured in a certain way. First, legends tell about the birth of the Universe. Then the gods, having defeated the terrible monsters, establish their power, after which the nine worlds flourish, ending in chaos. According to Norse mythology, the universe will be destroyed during a terrible battle called Ragnarok..
Troubled times will come that will lead to the Apocalypse. Not only all magical creatures, but also people will take part in the fierce battle between powerful gods and immortal giants. As a result, the Universe will be destroyed, and 9 magical worlds will disappear forever - they will be swallowed up by darkness. Over time, life in the Universe will be revived.
The image of a hero is vividly described in the myths of the people of the North. Any man was a warrior and breadwinner who defended his home from enemies. From childhood, the Scandinavians were trained in military affairs, knew how to hold a weapon in their hands and knew maritime affairs. The second respected skill of that time was considered the talent to compose poetic odes.
People steadfastly endured the trials that befell them. They believed that it was not in their power to change anything. Ancient people were not afraid of death - for them it meant a transition to another world. All this is reflected in legends.
Scandinavian mythology and model of the world
According to the beliefs of the Scandinavians, the model of the Universe is represented by several spheres connected by a magical tree (ash), the branches of which unite heaven, earth and the underworld. Around this tree there are 9 main worlds. At the very top is the beautiful Asgard, where the main gods live and the prosperous Vanaheim - the homeland of the fertility gods. The underground kingdom of Hops is a haven for dead souls. The entrance to this world is guarded by a terrifying guard (a monster in the form of a huge dog), whom no one can slip past. The living, trapped in the underworld, are doomed to endless torment and suffering.
Midgard (the world of people) is located between heaven and earth. This is also where the sizzling deserts originate - places where terrifying giants live. To prevent the universe from falling into the abyss, it is supported on all sides by Zweig beings. Each world is guarded by a sacred animal: an eagle soars in the skies, deer graze in the human world, and a magical dragon reigns underground. The Scandinavians believed that the powerful and ancient serpent Jormungand found refuge in the oceans that wash the Universe.
Scandinavian myths and legends have more than once formed the basis of literary works. Ancient tales were not only actively retold, they served as the basis for the creation of the Elder and Younger Eddas - the two most famous early Scandinavian poetry collections, the heroes of which were the great gods, their adventures and exploits. Myths and legends formed the basis of many literary works written in the Middle Ages. The following unique Scandinavian poems have survived to this day: “Beowulf”, “Vidsid”, “The Song of Hildebrand”, “The Saga of the Welsungs”, etc.
Pantheon of Scandinavian gods
At the head of all the gods is Odin - a powerful warrior, a talented and wise ruler. Next to him is his faithful, beautiful wife Frigga. In total, in Scandinavian mythology there are 11 main gods who rule the Universe. They not only protect people, but also subject humanity to various tests. The gods living in the heavens in Asgard were called Aesir. They were considered the main inhabitants of the mythological world.
The Baths, the thunderers responsible for fertility on earth, waged an endless feud for power with them. Joetuns are also mentioned in legends - evil giants who dream of seizing power and regaining their power. A separate world in Scandinavian mythology is inhabited by alvas - various natural spirits. Dwarves, trolls, undines and Valkyries had no less power over humans than the main gods. They seduced, captivated, inspired fear and horror. In total, the pantheon of gods numbered 120 mythological creatures.
Norse mythology endowed deities with certain character traits. They not only possessed wisdom, enormous strength and magical abilities, but also knew how to love, sacrifice themselves, deceive, make mistakes, betray and commit meanness.
One
A powerful leader who leads the gods of Asgard. The Heavenly Father skillfully guides the Universe, not forgetting the interests of other mythical creatures. Early Scandinavian myths describe him as a giant god who ruled the souls of the dead. Odin's name was associated with the occult, magic and the afterlife. His power grew and strengthened, he quickly rose to the head of other gods. The Scandinavians depict him as a strong and gray-haired old man - a wise ruler and a brave warrior who protects humanity.
The Thunderer's element is air, but he is so strong that he can control earth, water and fire. The Scandinavian warriors appealed to Odin with a request to help take correct solution, heal, win and return home from the battlefield safe and sound. There was a belief that one should pray to this god while facing north, and then the desired will certainly come true. Often magicians and sorcerers resorted to Odin for help.
In the hands of the Thunderer is a powerful spear, which always hits the target and defeats the enemy outright. The magical power of the weapon is given by a spell made of runes carved on its shaft. The magical inscription helps Odin adhere to the law and make wise decisions. The constant companions of the Thunderer are wolves, a snake and an eagle. He is helped to make decisions by two ravens - the Thinking and the Remembering, who are omnipresent and see everything that happens in the nine worlds.
The Scandinavians identified God with the magical number 9. Like a new life born after such a period of time, Odin is able to change the world, updating it for the better. The essence of God is triune. He combines the features of a warrior, a shaman with magical abilities, and a wanderer who learns the truth in his wanderings. Odin was not afraid to sacrifice his sight, giving one eye to the giant in exchange for the opportunity to drink from the source of eternal wisdom. Since then, deep knowledge has been revealed to the heavenly father.
Tyr
From the ancient Germanic language this name is translated as heavenly god. Tyr is associated with the Sun and cosmic planets. He was originally a thunderer who ruled the world of the gods, but Odin managed to take power from Tyr, so he became a warlord god.
The Scandinavians prayed to him asking him to help restore justice and punish the offenders. Tyr maintained order in the Universe and ensured that laws were not broken. God gave the military courage, courage and valor.
Thor
This god is similar to Ares - a warrior, protector, experienced fighter, whose element is fire. Unlike the Greek god of war, Thor never deliberately stirred up divisions. He guards the upper world - Asgard. This is a valiant fighter who does not spare himself to protect the Universe.
Thor loves and respects people very much, so he does everything possible to protect them from troubles and misfortunes. When humanity is in danger, he becomes hot-tempered.
Thor is a warrior who leads soldiers. The main magical attribute of God is the hammer. This is a symbol of inexhaustible courage and heroism. Since Thor's mother is the goddess of the earth, he helps farmers by promoting a good harvest. If the Scandinavians identified Odin with the helper of the rich, then Thor was considered the protector of the poor and needy. Ordinary people prayed to this god in search of protection from offenders.
Freyr
This god is the ruler of the Alf world. Responsible for fertility. He possesses a magic sword that can slay giants. This god was approached with requests for prosperity, prosperity and a peaceful life. By controlling the sun's rays, God gave people a bountiful harvest.
Various versions of Scandinavian names originated from Frey: Ingvar, Ingeborg, Ingrid.
Njord
God who rules the water elements. He wields the power of the sea. Water not only gives life, but also has destructive power. Fishermen resorted to this god for help. It was believed that Njord possessed countless treasures hidden in the depths of the sea.
He was the first to decide to end the war between the Aesir and the Baths, thereby reconciling his restless brothers.
Ullr
This is the patron saint of winter. Once upon a time, the Scandinavians believed that this god ruled the nine worlds during the cold season, temporarily taking away magical power over the Universe from Odin. Like the Northern Lights, he was calm when making important decisions as the Thunderer.
The Vikings believed that Ull was the god of death. He was feared and revered. God's magical attribute is a shining sword.
Hel
Ruler of the underworld, goddess of death. The souls of the dead obey her, she is the queen of Helheim - the world of the dead. Here, after death, the souls of people and gods live in peace; the living are prohibited from entering here. The English word “hell” was later derived from the name of this goddess.
Hel is a giantess with enormous magical power. According to legends, at the moment of the apocalyptic battle, the queen of the dead will lead her vassals into battle.
Loki
A god descended from giants. The ancient Scandinavians believed that this was the lord of fire. Later he turned into a cunning, insidious and intriguing schemer. Some myths say that Loki embodies the secret and invisible side of Odin, but Loki's character is not so simple.
This god strives for change, he energetically encourages humanity to change their lives. It combines the passions and weaknesses inherent in ordinary people. He also suffers from a lack of understanding of the other gods, striving to achieve recognition and success in Asgard.
In a sincere impulse, he presents precious gifts to his brothers: a hammer - to Thor, a spear - to Odin, thereby dividing magical powers between different gods, without assigning the power to one himself.
Frigga
The Scandinavians portrayed the goddess as beautiful and young. Her constant magical attribute was a spinning wheel with a huge sacred meaning. Just as experienced craftswomen weave an unsurpassed pattern from threads, so Frigga, having determined the future of man, helps the nymphs who form the threads human lives, make the correct pattern.
The goddess possessed secret knowledge, so even her husband, Odin, often turned to her for help, asking for advice.
Freya
One of the most popular ladies of the North. She is the goddess of love, life and death. Translated, her name means “lady.” The goddess has a lot in common with the thunderer Odin. She also travels between worlds, trying to explore the unknown and comprehend the essence of things.
Freya's favorite animal is cats. The goddess severely punished people who dared to harm domestic animals. The day on which Freya was worshiped, asking for her blessing, is Friday. Most weddings took place on this day of the week.
Idunn
This goddess is usually depicted as a very young girl; she contains enormous power. Idunn bestows upon the mighty gods eternal life and youth. The sweet apples that the goddess carries in her basket have a magical effect; they help magical creatures prolong their longevity. If they stop eating them, they will begin to age like humans. The Goddess knows how to control plants, so when the Apocalypse comes, she hides in a parallel world in order to later return the Universe to life.
Her husband was the god of eloquence Braga. He composed beautiful poems that captivated both gods and mortals with their beauty. In the hands of the deity is a magic harp, which was made by dwarfs. He was one of the first to predict the death of Asgard, for which he was expelled from the world of the gods. It was customary to depict Bragi holding his favorite musical instrument in his hands.
Other deities
Among other deities, these lords stand out for their magical abilities.
- Heimdall - according to legend, this god lived at the very edge of the world. He was the guard of the rainbow bridge that connected heaven and earth. Heimdall is able to hear what is hidden from others. His magical attribute is the horn Gjallarhorn, the sound of which can be heard everywhere in the Universe. This god will be the first to notify his brothers about the beginning of Ragnarok, calling them to battle. Heimdall masters human secrets, comprehending what is hidden deep in their souls. Every day God fasts at the highest point of the magic ash tree.
- Nehellenia is a sea goddess. Injured travelers called to her for help, so her magical attribute is the ship. Dogs were Nehellenia's faithful companions. Among some peoples, it was considered a guide to the other world.
- No less famous is the Lady Siv - a beautiful young goddess responsible for fertility. In the summer, she supported the peasants and helped them grow their crops.
- Skadi, the mistress of winter, is considered a powerful goddess. She was worshiped even before the appearance of beliefs about Asgard. The Scandinavian land got its name thanks to this goddess.
In addition to a clear structure, in northern myths one can find divine beings responsible for various spheres of life. Volund is a blacksmith god who forged deadly weapons and magical attributes for many of the gods of Asgard.
Despite his enormous talent, this god was unhappy in his personal life. For a long time, Wayland lived in captivity, where he suffered irreparable bodily injuries. Hermod is the swift-winged messenger of the gods. Son of the thunderer Odin.
Like the Greek Hermes, Hermond was the first to bring good and bad news to both men and gods. Lady Eir was responsible for healing in Scandinavian mythology. Var is the goddess of sincerity and truth, and Frigg is an avenger who punishes unfaithful spouses.
Mythical creatures of the North
In Norse mythology, many creatures have magical powers. Some of them look like people, others have animal features. In 9 worlds live mysterious monsters who are irreplaceable and faithful helpers of the gods.
- Alva. This is a separate magical race, similar in appearance to humans, but possessing magical abilities. They could be either light or dark. Good creatures are elves. Evil and vile, living in a dark world, are gnomes.
- Valkyries. Helpers of the thunderer Odin. Warrior goddesses who take an active part in all battles. In the original tales, these were evil creatures who sought to incite humanity into war. They took pleasure in death and lived from suffering. In later myths, Valkyries began to be called beautiful warrior maidens who helped Odin in everything and were his squires.
- Ondines. Spirits living in water. They could be found on the banks of rivers, lakes and springs. The Ondines had a beautiful appearance. It was impossible to look away from them. Long golden hair, a pale face with a thin profile, and an expressive gaze captivated any companion. After they fell into the water, they, like mermaids, had a beautiful long tail. With sweet singing, beautiful maidens lured men into the watery depths, making them their victims. Having created a family, the girl became a person.
- Tsvergi. Small creatures living in a dark world. Outwardly, miniatures look like dwarfs. These spirits owned a huge gold reserve, and their king Andvari was the keeper of a magic ring of unprecedented strength and power.
- Einherjar. These are warriors who died a brave death on the battlefield. For their feat they were ascended to heaven. Now they live in one of the magical worlds - Valhalla, faithfully serving the Thunderer.
- Norns. Goddesses who unite the past, present and future. They predict a person's fate. Like Arachne from Greek mythology, they hold in their hands the threads of destiny for every human and divine being.
- Mary. Demons that come to a person at night and cause nightmares. Marys took the form of a girl with long flowing hair. Arriving at the house, they first combed their curls, and then sneaked up on the sleeping person and began to strangle him, thereby causing terrible dreams.
- Jotuns. Giants, distinguished by strength, power and incredibly huge size. These creatures were the first inhabitants of the universe, long before gods and people. They owned and ruled the world. Giants lived in the distant northern regions, where permafrost reigned. According to the ancient Scandinavians, these monsters embodied the demonic essence of the world. The giants were irreconcilable enemies of divine beings, seeking to regain their former power over the world. The Scandinavians believed that the Jotuns were capable of causing natural disasters.
- Trolls. Stupid creatures, striking with their huge size and ugly appearance. They are very strong, so trolls can only be overcome with the help of cunning. These are nocturnal creatures. At night, they go out hunting and carry out attacks. Daylight is harmful to them. Under the influence of the sun they turn into stone sculptures. Their main opponent was Thor. As soon as they saw him racing on a shiny chariot, they rushed away.
- Elves. Amazingly beautiful creatures. Outwardly, elves are similar to people, but they have enormous magical power. They control the elements of water, air and earth. These beautiful creatures live separately from gods and people, trying not to reveal their secrets to anyone. People were in awe of such unearthly creatures, and the gods were afraid of their strength.
Other creatures
Dwarfs. Their habitat is the underground kingdom of Niflheim. These are evil and harmful creatures. They are easily recognized by their long, shaggy beard and short stature. They quickly move underground through multiple tunnels. Dwarves are skilled craftsmen. Thanks to their work, the main magical attributes of all gods appeared. Dwarfs do not like guests, so few people dared to go down to the underworld.
Dragons. These are huge snakes that breathe fire. Dragons live where countless treasures are hidden. They are the faithful guardians of gold.
Necky. Similar to the merman from Russian fairy tales. These are lonely, useless people who, after death, turned into magical creatures. With their chants they lured lost travelers to bodies of water in order to drown them. These creatures appeared to people in different guises. They looked like young maidens or terrible demons.
Fairies. Little sorceresses living in evergreen forests, invisible to the human eye. Despite their miniature size, fairies have unique magical powers. Often they transform into a different form. People believed in fairies, and some were even afraid of them.
Separately, it is worth mentioning the magical creatures of Scandinavian mythology, who had no less power than the powerful gods and in many legends were their main enemies.
- Jormungandr is a symbol of the destructive power of darkness and chaos. He lives in the ocean that surrounds the worlds. This is a dangerous and poisonous creature. The snake is very big. Due to its enormous size, it has to curl up around the Universe. This is the largest mythical creature of Scandinavian mythology. According to legend, Thor was able to defeat Jormungandr in the apocalyptic battle for the Universe.
- Fenrir (Moon Dog) is one of the most terrible creatures in the nine worlds. Legends predicted that this monster would swallow the Sun on the last day of the existence of the Universe. To protect themselves, the gods decided to shackle the dangerous beast with the strongest chains in the world, created in the underworld. Only the courageous Tyr dared to confront the monster. Chaining Fenrir, the mighty god lost right hand. Since then, the monster has lived on the distant island of Lyngvi. The mere mention of the Moon Dog sowed fear and panic among people.
- Garm is a dog who guards the underworld. Doesn't let anyone in or out into the world of the dead. Garm is chained to a granite rock. This creature will howl to announce the beginning of the Apocalypse. During a battle to the death, he will be able to break free from his bonds. In a mortal fight, the dog will kill the brave Tyr.
- Trolual is a creature that lives at the bottom of the sea. Externally, Trolual is very similar to a huge whale. He interfered with fishermen, sank ships and destroyed cargo. People were afraid of the sea monster and prayed to the gods for intercession.
Companions of the Gods
Everywhere and everywhere, powerful gods were accompanied by faithful assistants - magical animals with extraordinary strength, intelligence and wisdom. The main thunderer, the god Odin, has the most companions.
Wherever he goes, his northern wolves are always nearby, who respond to the nicknames Geri and Freki. Odin loves to wander, and in this he is helped by his faithful horse Sleipnir - the fastest animal in the Universe. This magical horse has 8 legs, thanks to which it is transported from one world to another with lightning speed.
Thor also has favorite helpers. His tireless companions are goats. He harnesses them to his heavenly chariot. These animals do not know fatigue, they are faithful and strong. Thor won many battles thanks to his faithful companions. The warrior god also has a small squire - a boy named Tjalvi, who is nearby in all travels and battles.
The gods Dagra and Nott were always accompanied by their favorite horses. One of them brings sunlight into the world of people, and the second decorates the night sky with a scattering of stars.
Conclusion
Scandinavian mythology does not lose its popularity. All-powerful gods, beautiful mythical creatures, powerful sorcerers and giants immerse the reader in an amazing and special world.
Bright and ambiguous in their characters, the gods of the North are very similar to people, which is why they fell in love with readers around the world. Harsh tales attract attention with the unusual structure of the Universe and extraordinary images of magical creatures.
Nowadays you can meet people who worship the Scandinavian gods. Based on ancient legends, a neo-pagan movement arose, whose members believe in Odin, Thor and Locke, giants, elves and fairies. This idea has united followers all over the world. Fans of Scandinavian myths can be found in Germany, the USA, Italy, Australia and Russia.
Valkyrie leads the gods into battle
Below is the pantheon of Scandinavian gods, a list of their names, family connections and some events from the legends of the Viking gods.
One
God Odin sits on the throne
Bolverk, Valtam, Vecha, Vak, Wodan, Woden, Wotan, Gangrad, Grimnir: These are all the aliases he used during his travels to Midgard. Odin: Son of Bjorr and Bestla, father of Thor, Balder, Höd, Tyr, Braga, Heimdall, Ullr, Vidar, Hermod and Vali. His wives were Fjordjin, Frigg and Rind. Supreme god of Scandinavian mythology. Odin had the habit of traveling around Midgard in human form, seducing women and rewarding them with children; therefore, many mortals trace their ancestry to the head of the Aesir - Odin.
- Saga: Odin's beloved, whom he visited daily at Sokvabek Castle.
- Rind(Rinda): a goddess who is mentioned as the third wife of Odin. She gave birth to his son Vali. She was absolutely cold with men and was considered the goddess of permafrost. There is some confusion regarding the goddess and the mortal woman Rind, daughter of King Billing; it is possible that both the woman and the goddess were one and the same character.
Frigga
Frigga sits on Hlidskjalva
(Bertha, Frigga, Holda, Nerthus, Vod): one of the most important goddesses of Asgard; one of Odin's three wives and mother of Balder and Höd. She was the main goddess of fertility. She had so much in common with Freya that in Germanic mythology they were considered a single deity. Nerthus(Hlodin): Njord's wife; goddess often identified with Frigg. Frigg's companions and messengers:
Gevion
Gevion harnesses oxen to a giant plow
Gefion(Gevion): goddess, one of Frigga's companions. Gylfi, King of Sweden, for the night she spent with him, gave her as much land in his domain as she could plow in 24 hours. She harnessed four huge oxen, which were her sons born from a giant, and began to plow. The plow cut so deep into the ground that in the time allotted to her she plowed a huge piece of Swedish land, which her sons dragged into the sea. This island was called Zealand. And where the land was before, Lake Malaren arose.
Balder
Balder: A beautiful and noble god, unintentionally killed by his brother Höd as a result of a bad prank by Loki.
- Head: Balder's twin brother. As a result of Loki's tricks, Hed unintentionally killed Balder and was sentenced to death for this. The god was killed by Vali, who was specially sent to carry out this task.
Bragi with harp
: god of music, poetry and harmony, son of Odin and the giantess Gunnlod, seduced by Odin. Bragi married Idunn. One carved runes on his tongue and suggested composing songs that glorified the gods and fallen warriors staying in Valhalla.
Vali
Vali is looking for Balder's killer
Vali: son of Odin and Rind. It is believed that it was this god who deliberately took revenge for the death of Balder. (Do not confuse him with the other Vali, the son of Loki and Sigyn).
Ve and Vili
Odin, Ve and Vili create the world
Be: One of the three sons of Bjorr and grandsons of the giant Ymir. (The other two were Odin and Vili). The three of them killed their grandfather and from his body created the land of mortals. According to some legends, Odin was outside Asgard for so long, traveling through the mortal world, that Be and Vili seized the throne and removed Frigga (apparently without any objections from her).
Vidar
Vidar fights Fenrir
Vidar: son of Odin and the giantess Grid. He will kill Fenrir, survive and avenge the death of Odin.
Vasud: Windsal's father and Winter's grandfather. By all accounts, Vasud was a very malevolent god.
Winter: the worst enemy of the god Leto; son of Windsal and grandson of Vasuda.
Idunn
: goddess of spring and eternal youth. She was the daughter of the dwarf Ivald and the wife of the god Braga.
Kari
Illustration
Kari: According to some versions of the creation myth, the sons of the giant Ymir were Hler (sea), Kari (air) and Loki or Lodur (fire). These gods in turn gave birth to giants or monsters named Beli, Fenrir, Grendel, Gymir, Hel, Mimir, Thiassi and Thrym.
Kvasir
Death of Kvasir
Kvasir: A very mysterious figure, as it is unknown whether he was a god or a supernatural being. If he was a god, then perhaps he was one of the Vanir, in whom the blood of the Aesir flowed. He was born at the very end of the war between the Aesir and the Vanir; as a sign of reconciliation, all the gods spat into the ritual vessel, and Kvasir appeared from their saliva. He became known for his wisdom and virtue and was therefore killed in his sleep by two dwarfs, Fialar and Galar, who wanted to take possession of his wisdom for the benefit of all dwarves. Having filled three vessels with his blood (a cauldron called Odrerir and two cups - Boden and Son), they mixed it with honey, resulting in a honey drink that turns anyone who drinks it into a skald or a scientist.
Lodur
Odin, Lodur and Hjonir create Aska and Embla
Lodur: according to one version of the creation of the world, Odin’s brothers were Henir and Lodur; the three of them gave life to humanity. Lodur gave people blood and a strong body. Lodur is often compared to Loki.
Loki
Loki in a medieval engraving
: "a treacherous liar" and, without a doubt, one of the most noteworthy gods in Asgard. Loki was related to Odin, but the relationship between them was spoiled. He came to Asgard by right, since Odin was his blood brother. This god was then banished from Asgard and swore revenge. Saeter: god of agriculture, possibly one of the incarnations of Loki.
Mimir
One heads to Mimir's deck
Mimir: the wisest of all gods; he, or at least his head, guarded the source (Mimir's Well) that began at the roots of Yggdrasil. There are different versions of how he lost his head, but as it turns out, he and Hoenir were sent by the Aesir to the Vanir as hostages to seal the peace established between the two families of the gods. The Vanir did not like Hoenir, so they killed Mimir. It is possible that he created the Miming sword. Odin made it a habit to consult Mimir's head when he needed help. According to some versions, Odin lost his eye, because he had to give it to the head of Mimir as payment for wise advice.
Norns
Norns Skuld, Urd and Verdandi
Norns: three goddesses of fate - Skuld(“life is existence”), Urd(“fate is destiny”) and Verdandi(“necessity”). It is obvious that their images are directly related to the moiras - goddesses of fate from Greek mythology. Every day they watered it with holy water to keep the tree growing. They are also passionate weavers, creating enormous fabrics. Two sisters, Urd (who is very old) and Verdandi (who is young and beautiful) were very friendly with mortals, but Skuld was too touchy; she was offended over any trifle or because of an indifferent attitude towards her. Skuld had a terrible habit of cutting the fabric woven by the three sisters just when the work was almost finished. Wurd: Mother of the Norns.
Nott
Painting "Night on Hrimfaxi" by Arbo
Nott: goddess of the night; daughter of the giant Norvi. She had three lovers-husbands: Naglfari, with whom she gave birth to a son, Aud; Annar, who gave her a daughter, Erdu; and Dellinger, whose son was named Day.
- Dellinger(Delling): god of the dawn and third husband of the Night, Nott. Their son was Doug (Day).
Njord
God Njord and his wife Skadi
Njord: father and Freya; one of the Vanir of the sea, who gradually replaced the cult of the god of the sea of the Aesir, Aegir, and took over his functions. At the same time he was the husband of the giantess Skadi and the goddess Nerthus.
Ran
"Ran" (1901) by Johann Geurts. The sea goddess Rana pulls people into the sea, where they meet their doom among bones and corpses.
Ran: wife of Aegir. She is also connected with the sea. Ran had a net with which she caught all the people who drowned in the sea.
Sigyn
The chained Loki, tended by his faithful wife Sigyn
Sigyn: Loki's third wife, who was infinitely devoted to him. She raised his mortal sons Narve and Vali. Even after Loki was banished from Asgard for his crimes, Sigyn remained loyal to him.
Siv
Golden-haired Sif raises her horn
Siv, Sif: goddess, wife. She was very proud of her golden hair, and Loki cut it while she was sleeping.
Tyr
God of warriors - Tyr the one-armed
Tyr- according to myths, he was the god of war (in other versions, a harbinger of victories). He was depicted as having one arm - his other hand was bitten off by the wolf Fenrir. Tyr owns the Teyvaz rune.
Thor
Thor holding the hammer Mjolnir in his hand
Like Odin and Loki, Thor is the god of thunder in Asgard. He is considered one of the most important gods in Scandinavian mythology. Thor was responsible for the weather, harvests and sea travel. The Old Norse rune Thurisaz contains the power of the god Thor.
- Magni: son of Thor and the giantess Yarnsaxa. He saved his father after his duel with the giant Hrungnir. After Ragnarok, Magni, along with his brother Modi, will receive Thor's hammer.
Ullr
Ullr in a medieval engraving
Ullr- in German-Scandinavian mythology, the adopted son of the god Thor. An excellent archer. All his arrows hit the target, no matter from what distance he shoots or how far away the target is located. Ull is also the fastest skier. People also learned this art from him. Deputy for athletes and healthy lifestyle. Ull is also the god of the hunt and is skilled with both sword and bow. He is also the god of all gambling (god of fortune).
Skadi
Skadi - frost giantess, patroness of the hunt
Just like the god Ull, the attributes Skadi- bow and skis. Originally she was probably a fertility goddess in her winter form. Skadi represents winter and ice, and is the wife of Njord. Mentioned in the Elder Edda, Younger Edda and the Ynglinga Saga.
Freya
Goddess of love Freya
: goddess of love, and later war and death. One of the Vanir, she came to Asgard as a hostage, accompanied by her father Njord and brother Frey. She married the god Od, who went on long journeys; After that, she spent her time, either mourning his absence, or amusing herself with various men. In Germanic mythology she is identified with Frigg.
- Od(Odur): Freya's first husband, (presumably one of Odin's mortal images). She loved him madly, but he was overcome by “wanderlust,” and he went wandering in search of a mortal woman. Freya spent the rest of her life, either bitterly mourning his departure, or having fun with other men.
- Gersemi andKhnoss d sketches of Freya and Oda
Freyr
Freya and Freyr
Fridleef: One of the aliases he used during his journey to Midgard.
Fjordjin(Erda, Yord): goddess of the Earth; one of Odin's three wives and Thor's mother.
Medieval image
: A rather strange character, born from nine giantesses (Sea Maidens) at the same time. Under the name of Riger, he wandered around Midgard, seducing women, and thus laid the foundation for a class of servants, peasants and warriors. He guarded the rainbow bridge leading to. Rieger: one of Heimdall's pseudonyms, which he, like Odin, used during his travels to Midgard.
Hel
Illustration from 1889
Hel: goddess or monster, daughter of Loki and Angrboda, who ruled Niflheim. It is not known for certain whether she was alive or dead. After the death of the god Balder, Hermod asked her to allow the beloved god to leave her kingdom. She replied that she did not believe that Balder was really loved so much. She reacted the same way when Bragi returned in the hope of finding Idunn. Ull, being the god of winter, spent several months of the year sharing a bed with Hel. Together with an army of ghosts, she will help the gods during the battle at the hour of Ragnarok, after which her kingdom will be consumed by fire.
Henir
Hoenir. Illustration in a 17th-century manuscript
Henir: There are two versions of the story about the very first gods. According to the first of them, Odin and his brothers Vili and Be gave humanity gifts that people still use today. According to another, Odin's first brothers were Hoenir and Loki. According to this version, Hoenir endowed people with emotions and feelings.
Hermod
Hermod - Odin's messenger
Hermod(Irmin): son and Frigg. He meets the heroes in Valhalla and performs the same functions as greek god Hermes. His most important and famous assignment was a journey to Hel in an attempt to free the god Balder from the kingdom of the dead.
Aegir
God Aegir and his wife Ran
Aegir (Hler, Gymir): god of the sea, a creature from the most ancient dynasty of gods who came to the world long before the Aesir and Vanir. His power in the maritime domains truly has no limits.
Ostara
"Ostara" (1901) by Johannes Geerts.
Ostara, or Eostra- according to reconstructions by mythologists, an ancient Germanic deity, presumably associated with the arrival of spring and the awakening of nature. The name Eostre (Ostara), within this concept, was borne by the month of April in the Old English and Old Germanic tradition.
Hler: According to the version of the creation myth, one of the first gods.
Swasud: a beautiful and noble god, whose son was Leto.
Summer: one of the first gods. Everyone loved him except Winter.
Illustrations for Viking history and mythology
Scandinavia traditionally refers to vast territories located in northern Europe, including Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, as well as a number of islands closest to them. The historical features of their development gave rise to a unique culture, one of the facets of which was myth-making, the characters of which, in turn, were the original and unique gods of Scandinavia. Fearless and daring, they were in some ways akin to the Vikings themselves.
Where did they come to our world from?
The gods, the list of which contains the names of characters less famous than their ancient Egyptian and Greek counterparts, are part of the culture of the ancient Germanic tribes. Information about them has survived to this day mainly in the texts of two monuments of medieval literature. This is the “Elder Edda” - a collection of poetry containing ancient Icelandic songs, as well as the “Younger Edda” - the creation of the 12th century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson.
In addition, a number of myths became known from the work of the medieval Danish chronicler Saxo Grammar, which he called “The Acts of the Danes.” It is curious that one of its plots formed the basis of Shakespeare's Hamlet, written four centuries later.
When turning to the plots of any myths, regardless of whether they were born in Scandinavia, Greece or Egypt, it should be taken into account that over the centuries they have been repeatedly edited, which today inevitably leads to many discrepancies and contradictions that have crept into them. Therefore, one should not be surprised when the same events, and even the gods of Scandinavia themselves, are described differently in different sources.
Scandinavian version of the origin of the world
The picture of the birth of the world presented in it is colored by the extraordinary originality of Scandinavian mythology. According to the ancient epic, it all began with a huge black abyss, on one side of which was the kingdom of ice - Niflheim, and on the other side of fire - Muspellheim.
From the kingdom of ice, 12 streams originated, which immediately froze, but since they beat incessantly, the blocks of ice gradually approached the kingdom of fire. When these two elements came very close, from the sheaves of sparks mixed with ice crumbs, the giant Ymir and a cow of the same size named Audumla were born.
The following describes absolutely incredible events. According to the Elder Edda, one day the giant Ymir sweated a lot, which is not surprising, because the kingdom of fire was nearby, and from his sweat two giants appeared - a man and a woman. This would not go anywhere, but then it is said that one of his legs conceived from the other and gave birth to a son. Since this is difficult to imagine, let’s take it on faith without going into details.
As for the cow Audumla, it also plays a very important role in Scandinavian myths. Firstly, she fed Ymir and those who came from him in such a miraculous way with her milk. She herself ate by licking salt from the stones. Secondly, from the warmth of her tongue another giant was born, who received. Thus, its first inhabitants appeared on earth, from whom the gods of Scandinavia were then born, and even later, people.
Aesir, Vanir and other mythical characters
It is known that all Scandinavian gods and goddesses were divided into several groups, the main one among which were the Aesir, led by their leader named Odin. Their life was by no means easy and cloudless, since they constantly had to come into conflict with other representatives of the Old Norse pantheon.
Most of all the troubles were caused to them by the Vanir - a group of fertility gods who claimed ownership of the world, but they also suffered from the giants-jotuns, as well as from the miniature dwarfs. And the female deities - diss, norns and valkyries - completely mercilessly spoiled the blood of the aesirs.
One of the main plots of Scandinavian mythology is the war between the Aesir and the Vanir. It began with the fact that the Vanir, offended by the fact that people in their songs glorified not them, but the Aesir, sent the evil sorceress Gullveig to their world (it was called Midgard). Since it was made of gold, then, according to the calculations of the Vanir, its appearance was supposed to spoil the morals of people, sowing greed and selfishness in their souls. The Aesir prevented this and killed the witch. This began a war in which the gods of Scandinavia tried to resolve the issue of primacy by force. Since neither side could gain the upper hand, peace was eventually concluded between them, sealed by the exchange of hostages.
Supreme God of the Aesir
The leader and father of the Aesir was the supreme god Odin. In Scandinavian mythology, it corresponds to a number of characteristics. He is presented as a priest-king, a shaman-runicist, a sorcerer-prince and, in addition, the Scandinavian god of war and victory. was revered as the patron of the military aristocracy and the conqueror of the Valkyries (they will be discussed below). He is in charge of Valhalla - the heavenly palace where fallen hero-warriors whiled away eternity in heavenly bliss.
Odin was depicted as a one-eyed, but full of vital energy old man. He once gave his missing eye to the giant Mimir so that he would allow him to drink water from the source of wisdom he guarded. A commendable thirst for knowledge, in general, was characteristic of Odin. For example, once, in order to comprehend the power contained in ancient runes - ancient Germanic writings, he agreed to sacrifice himself and hang for 9 days, nailed to a tree with his own spear.
Among other qualities of Odin, the myths especially emphasize the ability to transform. He usually wanders the earth in the guise of an old man, dressed in a blue cloak and a felt hat. His constant companions are two wolves or a raven. But sometimes Odin can turn into a poor wanderer or an ugly dwarf. In any case, woe to the one who, violating the laws of hospitality, closes the doors of his home in front of him.
Sons of Odin
The son of Odin was the god Heimdall, who was considered the guardian of the world tree of life. He was usually depicted as a warrior trumpeting the trumpet. According to legend, this is how he would herald the approaching end of the world and gather all the gods for the final battle with the forces of darkness. Heimdall lives in a fairy-tale house called Himinbjorg, which means “heavenly mountains”. It is located near the bridge connecting heaven and earth.
Another son of Odin is also widely known - the one-armed god Tyr, who was the embodiment of military valor. He lost his arm, however, not on the battlefield. The poor fellow received his injury while trying to bind a giant wolf named Fenrir with a magic chain. Once upon a time, this monster, while still a harmless puppy, was taken by the Aesir to their country of Asgard. Over time, the wolf cub grew up, turning into a strong and aggressive monster that terrified those around him.
No matter how the gods tried to shackle him, he easily broke the shackles every time. Finally, the elves came to the rescue, forging a magic chain from the noise of cat steps, bird saliva, fish breath and mountain roots. All that was left was to throw it at the wolf. To convince the beast of the absence of bad intentions, the god Tyr put his own hand into its mouth, which was bitten off as soon as Fenrir realized that he had fallen for the trick. Since then, the god of military valor has defeated enemies with only one remaining hand.
God, tormented by bad dreams
It should be noted that the god of spring, Balder the Beautiful - as everyone called him for his extraordinary beauty, was also the son of Odin, whom the supreme goddess of the Aesir Frigg gave birth to. The legend says that one day he shared with his mother that he began to often have bad dreams. To protect her son, Frigga took an oath from water, fire, broken metals, trees, stones, poisons, diseases, animals and birds that they would not cause him any harm. As a result, the god of spring became invulnerable.
Knowing this, the other gods threw stones, spears and arrows at him for fun, which greatly annoyed Balder. And then one day their evil jokes ended very badly. The god of cunning, Loki, tricked Frigg into finding out that she had not taken an oath from the mistletoe, a bush that had barely emerged from the ground at that time.
Taking advantage of her mistake, the insidious Loki tore off a branch of this plant, and, placing it in the hand of the naturally blind god of fate Höd, forced him to throw it at Balder passing nearby. A sharp rod pierced the beautiful young man and he died, becoming the prey of the kingdom of the dead and its terrible ruler, the sorceress Hel.
Next to the supreme god of the Aesir, another popular mythical character is often depicted - Hermod the Brave. He was Odin's envoy to the land of the dead, where he had to ransom his son, the god of spring Balder, from its ruler. This good intention brought Hermod fame, despite the fact that the mission itself failed as a result of yet another machinations of the same god of cunning and deception, Loki.
Competitions at Utgard Castle
It should be noted that the tricks of this rogue and deceiver often discredit the name of his namesake - the completely respectable and respected ace Utgard Loki, who became famous for the fact that very unusual competitions were once organized in his ancestral castle of Utgard. The Younger Edda tells about them. It tells, in particular, how one of his guests - the god of thunder and storm Thor, in the heat of sports excitement, fought with the evil old woman Ellie, who embodied old age, and his friend Loki - that same trickster god, competed in gluttony with fire itself .
The culmination of everything was the attempt of the local peasant Tjalfi to outrun the thought of the owner of the castle with his running speed. And although neither the god of thunder nor his friends achieved success, the holiday was a success. Many songs were later composed about him. The impression was not even spoiled by the fact that the fire, the old woman Ellie, and the owner of Utgard himself, Loki, cheated a fair amount, thanks to which they won victories.
Female deities of the ancient Scandinavians
The Valkyries are most directly related to Odin, whose ruler (and according to some sources, father) he was. According to Scandinavian myths, these warrior maidens, riding flying horses, hovered invisibly over the battlefields. Sent by Odin, they picked up dead warriors from the ground and then carried them to the heavenly palace of Valhalla. There they served them, serving honey at the tables. Sometimes Valkyries also received the right to decide the outcome of battles, and make the warriors they liked most (killed, of course) their beloved.
In addition to the Valkyries, the female part of the pantheon was also represented by the Norns - three sorceresses endowed with the gift of clairvoyance. They were able to easily predict the fate of not only people and gods, but also the entire world as a whole. These sorceresses lived in the country of Midgard, inhabited by people. Their main duty was to water the world tree Yggdrasil, on the well-being of which the longevity of mankind depended.
Another group of supernatural inhabitants of the ancient world were the diss. Obeying the changeability of female nature, they were either guardians of people, or forces hostile to them. Among the monuments of ancient Germanic culture, of which, as mentioned above, Scandinavian mythology is a part, texts of spells have been preserved in which diss are credited with the power to restrain the onslaught of enemy troops and decide the outcome of battles.
Golden-haired goddess
In addition to the representatives of the female part of the pantheon, which were discussed above, the goddess Sif, who was the wife of the god of storms and thunder Thor, also deserves attention. Being the patroness of fertility, this lady, second in beauty only to the goddess of love Freya, gained fame for her extraordinary golden hair, the history of which deserves special attention.
One day, Sif's beauty made Loki, the god of deceit, jealous of her husband Thor. Seizing the moment when he was not at home, Loki crept into the bedchamber to his sleeping wife and... no, no, don’t think anything - he just cut her hair bald. However, there was no end to the poor woman’s despair, and the enraged husband was ready to kill the scoundrel, but he vowed to correct the situation.
For this purpose, Loki went to the dwarf blacksmiths who lived in a fairyland and told them about what had happened. They happily volunteered to help by demonstrating their skills. The dwarves forged Sif's hair from pure gold, making it unusually long, thin and fluffy, which had the ability to immediately grow to the head and look like real hair. So the goddess Sif became the owner of golden hair.
Gods - lords of the seas
Another prominent representative of the Scandinavian pantheon is the ruler of the seas, Aegir. It is generally accepted that Aegir personifies, first of all, a calm and serene sea, as evidenced by its character. He is a hospitable host, willingly receiving guests and then visiting them at home. The Lord of the Seas is always peace-loving, and never participates in disputes, much less in wars. However, the expression “to fall into the teeth of Aegir”, which was widespread in the old days, meaning to drown, suggests that he, too, sometimes has moments of anger.
It should be noted that a number of sources name another Scandinavian god, Njord, as the lord of the seas, and ascribe to him a quiet and friendly disposition, while Aegir is portrayed as a troublemaker of the seas and the creator of storms, which Njord has to subdue and save ships in distress. One should not be surprised, since this is just one example of discrepancies that have arisen in the Scandinavian epic over the past centuries.
The blacksmith who made the wings
The Scandinavian pantheon also had its own blacksmith god named Volund. This hard worker is a character in the epics of almost all Germanic peoples. His fate was difficult and dramatic in its own way. Being one of the three sons of the Finnish king (supreme ruler), he nevertheless lived by the labor of his hands. The guy was clearly unlucky in his family life. Herver's beloved wife, a maiden who sometimes took the form of a swan, abandoned him, leaving behind only a wedding ring. Suffering from separation, Volund forged 700 of his duplicates.
But his misadventures did not end there. One day he was captured by the Swedish king Nidud. The villain not only deprived the master of his freedom, but also crippled him, leaving him lame for life. Having imprisoned Wayland in a dungeon, the king forced him to work day and night, forging weapons for himself and precious jewelry for his wife and daughter. Only thanks to chance and his own cunning did the captive manage to regain his freedom.
The legend tells that one day the sons of Nidud came to Volund’s dungeon, wanting, like their father, to have swords made by him. Taking advantage of the moment, the blacksmith killed them, then made goblets from the skulls, which he sent to their father, and from the eyes jewelry for the queen, and from the teeth brooches for the princess. To top it all off, he lured an unsuspecting girl to him and raped her. Having thus taken his revenge, and quite pleased with himself, the blacksmith god flew away on wings of his own making.
New times - new characters
With the spread of Christianity in the Scandinavian countries, all the previous mythical deities underwent a certain transformation, taking on the appearance of saints, or, generally, disappearing. Volund also changed beyond recognition, turning from a divine character into a demonic one. This is due, first of all, to his profession. It is known that in ancient times blacksmiths were treated with a certain degree of suspicion, attributing to them a connection with evil spirits.
It is not surprising after this that Goethe, slightly changing this name, endowed it with his hero Mephistopheles in one of the scenes of the tragedy “Faust,” who introduced himself as Woland. Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov borrowed the find from the brilliant German, immortalizing it in “The Master and Margarita”, and giving the former Wayland a new life in the image of the professor of black magic Woland.
A small list of Scandinavian gods that were not included in our review:
- Bragi is the son of Odin.
- Vidar is the deity of war.
- Henir is Odin's brother.
- Forseti is the son of Balder.
- Fulla is the goddess of abundance.
- Eir is the goddess of healing.
- Lovn is the goddess of mercy.
- Ver is the goddess of knowledge.
- Jord is the goddess of the earth.
- Skadi is the patroness of hunting.
- Ull is the god of the hunt.
Beowulf
Beowulf (“bee wolf”, i.e. “bear”), the hero of the northern and Anglo-Saxon epic, who defeated two terrible monsters. A young warrior from the Gaut people, Beowulf went overseas to Denmark to save the Danish king Hrothgar from the misfortune that befell him: for many years the ferocious monster Grendel sneaks into the royal castle of Heorot at night and devours the warriors.
In the night duel, Beowulf squeezed Grendel with such force that he, breaking free, lost his arm and crawled into his lair, where he bled to death and gave up the ghost. Grendel's mother, an even more vile creature, tried to avenge her son's murder, and Beowulf, pursuing the monster, descended into her crystal underwater cave. After an hour of fighting, Beowulf lost his trusty sword. Like King Arthur in his time, he found another magic blade and dealt with Grendel's terrible mother. Peace and tranquility were restored in Hrothgar's kingdom, and Beowulf, generously rewarded by King Hrothgar, returned Chris to his homeland, Southern Sweden, and became king of the Gauts. At the end of his long and wise reign, a dragon appeared in the kingdom. Having opposed him with twelve comrades, Beowulf soon found himself alone - his comrades left the battlefield in fear, but the hero defeated the dragon, although it cost him his life.
Valkyrie Brunhild
Brunhild, Brunnhilde (“duel”), the heroine of Scandinavian-Germanic mythology, the most warlike and most beautiful Valkyrie who challenged Odin: she granted victory in the battle to someone who was not intended by him.
As punishment, God put her to sleep and exiled her to earth, where Brunhild was supposed to lie on the top of the Hindarfjall hill, surrounded by a wall of fire. Only Sigurd (German, Siegfried), the famous hero who defeated the dragon Fafnir, could break through the raging flames. He awakened the warlike beauty Brunhild and, promising to marry, left the ring of the dwarf Andvari as collateral, unaware of the curse hanging over the ring. The witch Grimhild gave Sigurd the drink of oblivion, and Sigurd, forgetting about his bride, married the daughter of the witch, the beautiful Gudrun (German, Kriemhild). When his memory returned to him, the hero's heart was filled with suffering, shame and sadness.
Only after death did Brunhild and Sigurd finally find peace in love, previously destroyed by vile intrigues.
And the curse of the dwarf Andvari, together with the inherited ring, passed on to Hogni and Gunnar. They both later died a painful death, but did not reveal the secret of the fatal Nibelungen treasure.
Väinämöinen
Väinämöinen (Veinämöinen), son of the demiurge goddess Luonnotar, the main character of the Karelian-Finnish epic. This wise old man, a magician and sorcerer, who spent at least thirty years in his mother's womb, was gifted with supernatural powers. He was less lucky in love. He tried to choose a bride among the women of the country of the North, Pohjola, and in exchange for the wonderful sampo mill, a source of abundance, he was promised one of the daughters of the mistress of the North, Louhi. At his request, the mill “from swan fluff, from a piece of spindle, and from cow’s milk, and from grains of barley” was forged by the blacksmith Ilmarinen. True, then he deceived Väinämöinen and himself married Louhi’s daughter. But the bride was killed and the sampo was stolen. Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen went in search of the sampo and after many adventures they found it. Louhi rushed after them, raised a storm at sea and, turning into a griffin, attacked the heroes' ship.
Only Väinämöinen’s quick reaction allowed everyone to escape, but during a severe storm the sampo crashed. Väinämöinen managed to collect the wreckage of the mill and partially restore its wonderful properties. According to myths, he produced fire from the belly of the fire fish, making the first fishing net; built the first boat; visited Tuonella, the kingdom of the dead, and returned from there alive. When his mission on earth was completed, Väinämöinen built a new ship and set off on an endless journey.
Kriemhilda
Kriemhild, the heroine of the German epic "The Song of the Nibelungs", the wife of Siegfried, who after the death of the hero became the wife of the Hun king Attila (Norwegian, Atli). Known for her extraordinary beauty, which inspired heroic deeds and doomed many valiant warriors to death. Kriemhild, a Burgundian princess by birth, was the sister of the Burgundian king Gunther (Norwegian, Gunnar). In Scandinavian mythology, she corresponds to Gudrun, the sister of the Burgundian king Gunnar and the wife of Sigurd.
The witch Grimhild (according to legend, Kriemhild's mother) gave Siegfried the drink of oblivion, and Siegfried, forgetting about his bride Brünnhilde, married the witch's daughter, the beautiful Kriemhild (Norwegian, Gudrun). From Siegfried, Kriemhild gave birth to a son, who was named after his uncle Gunther. After Siegfried's death, Kriemhild married the Hun king Attila in order to use her position as queen to take revenge on Siegfried's murderers - Hagen and Gunther.
Kriemhild lured them into a trap and ordered their execution. Gunnar was thrown into a ditch with reptiles swarming there and then his head was cut off, and the heart of the still living Hagen (Norwegian, Högni) was cut out. According to other sources, Kriemhild took revenge on Siegfried's killers Hagen and her brother Gunther ten years after the hero's death. Kriemhild cut off their heads with Siegfried's sword, luring Gunther and Hagen to Attila's castle for a grand jousting tournament she organized.
Subsequently, Hildebrand, enraged by the brutal execution of Gunther and Hagen, avenged the death of Lord Tronje by cutting Kriemhild in half.
Nibelungs
The Nibelungs, in German-Scandinavian mythology and epic, are the owners of the golden treasure (treasures and magic ring of power) of the miniature dwarf Andvari, who had previously stolen gold from the Rhine maidens.
The original owners of the Andvari treasure are the sorcerer Hreidmar, the giants Fasolt and Fafnir, who turned into a dragon to guard the treasure. The treasure was eventually taken over by the hero Siegfried (Sigurd) - the Nibelung, the king of the "land of the Nibelungs", his sons Schilbunk and Nibelung, their warriors. After the villainous murder of Siegfried, the owners of the treasure became the Burgundian kings Gibihungs - brothers Gunnar and Hogni, who were called Nibelungs after the treasure passed into their hands. Thus, the word "Nibelungs" is associated with the owners of a golden treasure cursed by the dwarf Andvari, known from other mythological sources as Albrich. It is interesting that in German and Scandinavian traditions, the treasures of the Nibelungs are the material embodiment of the power, power, happiness and good fortune of their owner. This damned treasure also included a magical golden ring, which was capable of not only increasing wealth, but also bringing death to its owner.
It visited Hreidmar, Fafnir, Regin and, finally, Sigurd, the possession of the ring cost all of them their lives. The Nibelung brothers Gunnar and Hegni, who killed Sigurd while hunting a wild boar, also died. His widow Kriemhild lured them to her place and ordered them to be executed: Gunnar was thrown into a ditch with reptiles swarming there and then his head was cut off, and the heart of the still living Högni was cut out. The Nibelungs met death with dignity and did not give away the secret of the golden treasure they had hidden, which brought misfortune and death to everyone.
"SONG OF THE NIBELUNGS"
The most ancient monument of the German heroic epic. In terms of content, it falls into two parts. The first 10 songs describe the heroic deeds of Siegfried, his love for Brünnhilde, Siegfried's marriage to Kriemhild, the sister of King Gunther (Gunnar), Gunther's matchmaking with the warrior maiden Brünnhilde, and the villainous murder of Siegfried.
The next 10 songs tell about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband, the painful death of Gunther (Gunnar) and Hagen (Högni) and the decline of the Burgundian kingdom.
The historical basis of the "Song of the Nibelungs" is the events of the era of the Great Migration - the capture of Europe by the Huns under the leadership of Attila in the 5th century BC. e. However, the life, etiquette, class relations described in it represent Germany of the 12th century of the era of feudalism.
The Song of the Nibelungs was most likely written between 1200 and 1210. in Austria, a court poet influenced by Christianity. It absorbed several cycles of more ancient epic tales, and subsequently became the subject of numerous adaptations, a source of poetic themes and motifs. The unique rhythmic pattern and very dynamic stanza of this poem was adopted by many medieval poets and was called the “Nibelung stanza.” Poets of 19th century Germany also turned to it.
Sigurd
Sigurd, Siegfried (“victory”), in Scandinavian-Germanic mythology and epic, a hero, the son of Sigmund and Sieglind, the pupil of the sorcerer-blacksmith Regin, brother of the dragon Fafnir, guarding the cursed golden treasure of the dwarf Andvari. It was Regin who forged the hero the sword Gram, with which Sigurd cut his anvil. The blacksmith incited the young man to kill the dragon, since he himself sought to take possession of the treasures, fatal wealth that brings misfortune to its owner.
Sigurd defeated the dragon, but when Fafnir's blood fell on Sigurd's tongue, he began to understand the language of the birds and learned about the blacksmith's plan to kill him. Having killed his adoptive father and stolen Fafnir's treasure, the hero ended up on the top of the Hindarfjall hill, where the Valkyrie Brunhild, surrounded by fire shields, rested, put to sleep by Odin for giving victory in the battle to someone who was not intended by God. Having awakened the Valkyrie, Sigurd received wise advice from her and became engaged to her. But the curse of the miniature dwarf Andvari still continued to bring misfortune to the owners of the moat treasures and, having met the witch Grimhild, Sigurd succumbed to her spell. The witch Grimhild gave Sigurd the drink of oblivion, and Sigurd, forgetting about his bride, married the daughter of the witch, the beautiful Gudrun (German, Kriemhild). When his memory returned to him, the hero's heart was filled with suffering, shame and sadness.
Meanwhile, Brunhild's brother Gudrun, King of the Burgundians Gunnar (German, Gunther), wooed Brunhild. But the Valkyrie swore an oath to marry only the one who would overcome the fire surrounding her, and only Sigurd could do this. Sigurd agreed to help Gunnar; during the marriage test, the hero changed his appearance with Gunnar and went through the fire in his place. Brunhild was forced to marry Gunnar, but later, when the deception was revealed, the angry Brunhild demanded that her husband kill Sigurd. Prompted by his wife, who wanted to restore her honor, and also wanting to take possession of the magic ring of power, Gunnar and his brother Hogni mortally wounded Sigurd while hunting. On his deathbed, dying, Sigurd called his beloved Brunhild to him. Unable to bear the remorse of her conscience, Brunhild committed suicide so that at least in the grave she could be with her loved one.
Starkad
Starkad is a hero of Scandinavian mythology, a ruthless and cruel Viking warrior, whose name is associated with a huge number of exploits. The hero was a subject of the Danish king Froto. He was an ugly man of enormous stature, with fangs protruding from his mouth, and with six arms.
One day there was a fight between Starkad and Thor, in which the giant lost four arms and became two-armed.
Starkad considered Odin to be his teacher and patron. One dark night they went to the island together.
There, in a forest clearing, the hero saw twelve thrones. Eleven of them were occupied by people, and the twelfth was occupied by Odin. The teacher rewarded Starkad with three lives for his loyalty, granted him mastery of the poetic style and wealth, and promised him the respect of the nobility. In gratitude for this, Starkad intended to carry out a symbolic sacrifice by putting a noose around the neck of the Norwegian king Vicar, and leaning a reed stalk against his body. But instantly the noose tightened the neck, and the reeds became a sharp spear and pierced the body of the victim. Thor predicted Starkad's atrocities in each of his three lives and the hatred of the common people and predicted that the hero would not find satisfaction in any of his lives.
In order to get to Valhalla to Odin, Starkad had to die from the sword. Being already a very old man, weakened and almost blind, he decided to seek death by the sword. Taking a bag of gold, he looked for someone who would be tempted by the money and kill him. The hero accepted his death at the hands of Khater and went to hell.
Hadding
Hadding, hero of Scandinavian mythology.
Hadding was the son of the Danish king Gram. The hero was brought up in Sweden among giants, where he was taught the art of magic. Haddinga was patronized by the god Odin, who appeared to the hero in the guise of a one-eyed giant.
The hero accomplished many feats, including avenging the murder of his father.
Once he killed a certain creature who turned out to be the god of abundance, as a result he had to experience quite a few hardships.
But Hadding was able to make amends by making sacrifices to Frey and thus beginning the tradition of annual sacrifices to this god.
Hadding killed the Black Giant, who was harassing the daughter of the Norwegian king, and took the girl as his wife.
One predicted Hadding's death by his own hand. King Hunding of Sweden, a friend of the hero, having heard the false news of his death, held a funeral feast and drowned in a barrel of beer. Having learned about this, Hadding hanged himself.
The exploits of Hadding are described in the "Acts of the Danes" by Saxo Grammar, created on the basis of ancient Scandinavian legends.
Högni
Högni, hero of German-Scandinavian mythology.
According to the Welsung saga and Eddic songs, Högni was the brother of the Burgundian king Gunnar, in the Thidrek saga he was considered the half-brother of the Burgundian kings, in the German “Song of the Nibelungs” Högni was the senior vassal of King Gunnar (Gunther).
Eddic songs portray Högni as a flawless hero who tried to dissuade Gunnar from killing Sigurd. When the hero was captured by the Hun king Atli (Attila) at the instigation of his wife Kriemhild, he bravely met death, laughing at the moment when his heart was cut out.
In the saga of Thidrek and in the Song of the Nibelungs, Högni acquires negative traits. He treacherously killed the great Siegfried (Sigurd), and then hid Siegfried's golden treasure (the treasure of the Nibelungs, cursed by the dwarf Andvari) at the bottom of the river.
Högni led the fight between the Burgundians and the Huns, which ended in the death of both the Burgundians and himself. When Hogni and Gunnar were captured by Atli, and the king of the Huns demanded the release of the Nibelungen treasure, Gunnar, according to the Eddic “Song of Atli,” agreed on the condition that Hogni be killed. In the “Song of the Nibelungs”, Högni himself set a similar condition, and when Kriemhild (Gudrun) brought him Gunner’s severed head, he laughed at her, after which he was killed.
Helgi
Helgi, hero of Scandinavian mythology. Helga's name can be translated from Old Icelandic as "dedicated" or "sacred". According to legend, from the marriage of Helga with her own daughter, the legendary king of the Skjoldung dynasty, Hrolva Kraki, was born. This brings the image of this character closer to the mythical type of ancestor.
In myths you can find descriptions of Helga's military exploits. His actions are most often caused by either blood feud or have love motives, for example, getting a bride. Helga was patronized by warrior maidens, who were called Valkyries. The hero felt a strong attraction to one of the maidens. Love broke out between the Valkyrie Svava (according to other sources Sigrun) and the hero. Helgi died in battle, struck by the spear of Dag, the son of Hogn, and soon Svava also died.
In search of the ritual origins of the tales of Helgi, some scholars assumed that the hero's name was cult. It symbolized the name of the victim, and Svava is the priestess who leads the sacrifice ceremony.
The murder of the hero symbolizes a change in royal power, figuratively reflected in the ritual of sacrifice. In the two songs about Helgi and his beloved Svava, there is a mention at the end of the lovers being brought back to life, which may have its roots in ideas about warriors killed in battle being revived by the Valkyries to fight in new battles.
Mythology of the ancient world, -M.: Belfax, 2002
Myths of ancient Scandinavia, -M.:AST 2001
Alva. In German-Scandinavian mythology, lower natural spirits. Essentially the same word “elves”, only in the pronunciation of some German-Scandinavian languages. Initially, the alves personified the souls of the dead, but gradually their role in the hierarchy of divine beings underwent changes. In early Scandinavian-Germanic mythology, the Alves are an ageless, magical, beautiful race, living like people, either on Earth or in the world of the Alves (elves), which was also described as existing quite realistically. This idea of the Alvas, partially preserved, reached the Middle Ages, remaining forever in the languages, names, culture and genealogy of European countries. In later myths, the Alvas, on the eve of Christianity, are presented as spirits of the earth and fertility. There was a special ritual to honor these spirits. The word “alv” (elf) during this period began to generalize essentially completely different creatures - in fact, alves and dwarves. The Alvas began to have some similarities with both the miniature dwarfs and the Vanir. In the Elder Edda there is mention of the wonderful blacksmith Volund, who was called the prince of the Alfs. In the "Elder Edda" they are contrasted with the highest gods - the aesir. The Younger Edda mentions the division into dark (living underground) and light alves (elves) (living in the heavenly chamber). The later Germanic-Scandinavian creation sagas say that the alves were created by the first Æsir (Odin, Vili and Ve) from worms that appeared in the meat of Ymir. The dark (or underground) elves were given the kingdom of Svartalfaheim, and the light elves (elves) were given Llesalfaheim. The “lower” alvas are the prototype of another mythological people, the gnomes. Seeds among the Celts
Andhrimnir. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. The Einherjar cook prepares the meat of the boar of Sehrimnir.
Aces. (Norwegian ; sir) - in German-Scandinavian mythology, the highest gods. The Aesir, in Norse mythology, are the main group of gods led by Odin, the father of most Aesir, who loved, fought and died because, like humans, they did not have immortality. These gods are contrasted with the vanirs (gods of fertility), giants (etuns), dwarfs (miniatures), as well as female deities - diss, norns and valkyries. They lived in the heavenly fortress of Asgard, which was connected to the land of people, Midgard, by the rainbow bridge Bifrost. Ases - warrior gods were worshiped by heroes and kings. Asami, besides Odin, there were twenty-seven warrior gods and twenty-two goddesses. In myths, the most famous are Balder, Borr, Bragi, Storms, Vidar, Vali, Ve, Vili, Dagr, Dellin, Loki, Magni, Njord, Thor, Tyr, Forseti, Freyr, Hed, Heimdall, as well as the goddesses Eir, Idunn, Nanna , Nott, Saga, Siv, Siginn, Sol, Frigg, Freya. Actually, in Scandinavian mythology there are two groups of gods - the Aesir and the Vanir. The Aesir were constantly at enmity with the Jotuns (giants). At one time, the Aesir were at enmity with the Vanir (fertility gods). The Ansuz rune is associated with the Aesir. Wikipedia mentions 41 divine aces.
Balder. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Son of Odin and Frigg, god of spring; With his death, Ragnarok will begin - the end of the world. Maybe Boldir.
Belobog. Heimdal. German-Slavic mythology. One of the few reliable references to Belobog is the information from “Mater Verborum”. What can be stated with a high degree of confidence for the White God is his eternal opposition to Chernobog and his connection with goods. Obviously, most of Belobog’s properties are directly opposite to those of his opponent, Chernobog. Chernobog's opponent is Bel-god. Since Heimdall is Loki's main opponent, Heimdall can be called Bel-god. The White God is the rival of the Black God, possessing the attributes of whiteness or Light. The White God, like the Black God, belongs to the gods of the older generation. The white god opposes the world of the dead and death. The White God, to the same extent as the Black God, is associated with the birth of new life and destiny. The White God participates in the creation of the World, or prevents the corruption of the World. Good things in the world come from Belobog. The white god is an educator, he obtains and gives knowledge to people and other gods. The white god appears in our world from his world to improve it. In competition with the Black God, the White God gains integrity and removes his own inferiority. Sometimes the White God is associated with youth, and the Black God with old age, but these are images of equal antiquity. Sometimes the White God has a distinctly bright (sharp) gaze, and the Black God is completely or partially “blind.”
Bur. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Son of the Storm, father of Odin and his brothers. Maybe Bor, Borey.
Bor. In German-Scandinavian mythology, his sons, according to the Younger Edda, people were created by the First Triglav - the sons of Bor. The system of nine worlds was created by the sons of Bor - Odin, Vili, Ve.
Bragi. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. God of poetry and eloquence, skald, husband of the goddess Idun. Bragi, in Scandinavian mythology, the skald god, son of Odin and the giantess Gunnhold, husband of Idunn, keeper of rejuvenating apples. Bragi was born in a stalactite cave where his mother Gunnhold kept the honey of poetry. The miniature dwarfs gave the divine child a magic harp and sent him sailing on one of their wonderful ships. On the way, Bragi sang the touching “Song of Life,” which was heard in heaven and the gods invited him to their abode of Asgard. When Loki, with his characteristic dexterity, organized the murder of Balder and returned to Asgard, Bragi demanded that the vile instigator leave, since the gods did not want his presence. Loki called Bragi a braggart, and he threatened to turn Loki's head away. Despite Odin's attempts to calm the crowd, Braga's words enraged Loki. Having predicted the death of the gods as a farewell, he left Asgard. Perhaps Bragi, the god of poetry and eloquence, is a god of later origin, which is associated with the deification of poetic inspiration, since skalds in the Scandinavian royal courts were revered almost as much as rulers. Bragi was usually depicted as a bearded old man with a harp, and his name was sealed with solemn oaths pronounced over the so-called Cup of Braga. According to some scientists, there is a possible connection between the skald god and the historical Bragi Boddason (IX century). Maybe Braga, Kvasura.
Storms. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Ancestor of the Aesir, grandfather of Odin. Maybe Bor, Borey.
Get out. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. The son of Odin, who grew up and turned into a hero in a day. According to the myth, he avenged the murder of Balder at the age of one day. He is destined to survive Ragnarok.
Vans. In German-Scandinavian mythology, a small group of gods associated with fertility were at one time at enmity with the Aesir. They lived in Vanaheim, far from Asgard, the abode of the aesir gods. The Vanirs had the gift of foresight, prophecy, and also mastered the art of witchcraft. In addition, incestuous relationships between siblings were attributed to them. The Vanir included Njörðr and his descendants - Freyer and Freyl. Ancient legends told of a war that brought an end to the golden age. The reason for the first war was the act of the evil sorceress Heida, who came to the settlement of the Aesir, who beat the sorceress with spears and tried to burn her three times at the stake, but the villainess again rose from the ashes. The war was started by the leader of the Aesir, Odin, who threw his spear in the direction of the Vanir. The fertility gods launched an attack on the heavenly village of the Aesir, but the Aesir turned out to be stronger, and the fight ended with an exchange of hostages. According to legend, the Vans were considered the guardians of sacred honey. The Vanir sent the god of the sea Njord and his children, the twins Freyr and Freya, to Asgard, and with them Kvasir, a wise man created from the saliva of the gods, who spat into a jug as a sign of reconciliation between the Aesir and the Vanir. The Aesir also sent hostages to Vanaheim: Hoenir, the brother of the god Odin, who gave the first people feelings, and the wise Mimir. At first, Hoenir and Mimir were warmly received by the Vanir, but they soon came to the conclusion that they had lost in the exchange with the Aesir. The indecisive Hoenir could not say a word unless Mimir was nearby. The Vanirs decided that Mimir was not only the voice of Hoenir, but also his mind. Enraged, they cut off Mimir's head and sent it to the Aesir. One embalmed the unfortunate man's head, then read a spell over it, restoring the ability to speak. Subsequently, Odin instructed the head of Mimir to guard the magical spring under the roots of the world tree Yggdrasil. Wanting to gain part of Mimir's knowledge, Odin gave him one eye for permission to drink from the source of wisdom. Before the last battle of gods and monsters, Ragnarok, Odin must go to the source and there seek advice from the head of Mimir.
Var. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. The goddess of truth listens and writes down the oaths of people, takes revenge on those who break oaths and promises. Var certifies oaths and private contracts - "varar", especially those between men and women, and punishes those who break them. Her name may also have something to do with the term "varda", a legal term meaning guarantee, guarantee or liability, akin to the English "ward", and the more extended "vardlokkur", a "ward-song" - a song of protection. Her functions are similar to those of the Greek Hestia, who lived in the fireplace and heard all the oaths. Var's protection is morality that preserves the integrity of the spirit. Its power lies in the words we use to make vows or precisely state our intentions. With the help of Var, the word-desire acquires an independent life. Her radiance sparkles in the fire of the hearth, which is the heart of the house, and she especially cares about those agreements that are not advertised in society, the unwritten obligations made by relatives towards family members. Her symbol may therefore be a hearth or an oathring, and she may be presented with a ring made of herbs and ribbons on which oaths are written, which can then be burned, or passed around with a horn. Maybe Varvara Krasa Long Braid.
Ve. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Son of Ber, brother of Odin or his hypostasis. "Ve" is the holiness of a place or spiritual center, and "Wili" is the desire that rules, remaining with the goddess in Asgard, while the ecstatic "Wod" wanders the worlds.
Völva. In German-Scandinavian mythology, the Prophetess of Hel.
Ver. Thief. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Goddess of omniscience. She is very wise and nothing can hide from her insight and intuition. Maybe Loyalty, Faith. Is it true.
Vidar. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. The son of Odin, the god of silence, during Ragnarok he will have to kill the wolf Fenrir. Maybe Vedun. That’s why he’s silent because he knows everything.
Vili. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. Son of Ber, brother of Odin or his ipstas. "Ve" is the holiness of a place or spiritual center, and "Wili" is the desire that rules, remaining with the goddess in Asgard, while the ecstatic "Wod" wanders the worlds. Maybe Vil, Pitchfork, Samovil
Water In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Son of Bör, brother of Odin or his hypostasis. "Ve" is the holiness of a place or spiritual center, and "Vili" is the desire that rules, remaining with the goddess in Asgard, while the ecstatic "Water" wanders the worlds.
Thief. Ver. In German-Scandinavian mythology, she is "a wise and insightful Goddess, so nothing can be hidden from her. There is a saying that a woman begins to understand something (vor) when she finds it." Her name means awareness, the ability to learn and understand. The thief is thus the power of intuition, the power of knowledge and remaining silent. In the outside world, it acts as the famous "feminine intuition", the ability to interpret subtle, subtle thoughts to understand what will happen next, especially those things that men would like to hide or do not know how to express in words. On the inner plane, she expands insight, she is our guide into the realm of the unconscious, where we hold everything we have forgotten, or suppressed, or are afraid to see. She reveals what is hidden and teaches us how to interpret the symbolic language of our dreams. She appears in dark long robes, and her symbol is a dark veil. The work corresponding to Vore is the development of intuition through the interpretation of dreams, seid, or reflection.
Second Triglav. In German-Scandinavian mythology, according to the Younger Edda, people were created by the First Triglav - the sons of Bor, according to the Elder Edda, this was done by the Second Triglav. (Song of Riga).
Gevjun. In Germanic-Scandinavian mythology, she is a virgin, and who welcomes all who die unmarried. Her name means "giver", which is also an epithet for Freya. In Heimskringla she appears as an independent Danish goddess. In the history of the Ynglings, Snorri tells us that Odin "...sent Gefion to the northeast to seek land; she then came to Gylvi, who gave her fertile lands. She then went to the giant's house and bore him four sons. She formed from them a team of oxen, harnessed them to a plow and plowed the land in the west of the sea opposite Odense; the land was called Zealand, and there she lived afterwards. Scyld Sceafing took her as his wife. Thus, she gives us the land, raising it. from the bottom of the sea, working with the elements (with the elementals).With her help, the empty field becomes a tribal homeland, and the god of the sheaves gives a bountiful harvest, she trades her charms for a sacred necklace. Some say that her lover was Heimdal, who. saved Brisingamen's necklace from Loki. English language"geofon" is used in poetry as an epithet for the sea. But Odin attributes to her the same deep knowledge that Frigga has. Gefion is the path where Freya and Frigga meet. But in Frigg's hall, Gefion gives gifts as a mother gives gifts. Through its power you achieve limitless wealth and never experience want. We call on her to fulfill at least part of our needs. Her symbol is a basket or cornucopia. The ritual dedicated to Gefion includes the exchange of gifts: have each participant bless her gift, put all the gifts in a cornucopia and place them on the altar.
Gefyon. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Goddess of virtue. Known as "benevolent" or "giving". You can receive a physical or spiritual talent as a gift from her. Having received as a reward from Gylfi a plot of land that could be plowed by four bulls in a day, she, with the help of her four bull sons, dug the Oresund Strait, forming the island of Zealand.
Glin. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. A goddess who protects people from physical danger. Frigga's companion. Maybe Gloss.
Gna. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. Goddess of transformation. Raises awareness to dizzying heights. Frigga's companion or messenger. Wildebeest travels the sky and sea on a horse named Hoof-flourisher/Hofvarpnir, carrying Frigga's words throughout all the worlds. Snorri says her name means soar or tower, but it may also be related to the word for a horse neighing. Gna - Frigga's ability to soar above the worlds and overcome limits; Hofvarpnir carries her, just as Sleipnir carries Odin. She is freedom, the ability to fly without restrictions. She carries the goddess's thought to other worlds and returns with information. Through Gna we connect with the goddess and hear her answers. It could also be seen as the power of astral travel. She appears radiant and energetic, and her symbol is a horse figurine. Since Gna is Frigga’s link with the world, to honor her, we should also take the goddess with us from home to the street to the workplace. Actually, Frigga can remain in her secret place, but through Gna she goes with us when we go out into the world. Russian has many endings in Gna. Maybe Oppression.
Yord. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Goddess of the earth, mother of Thor, the Russian God. Maybe Hard, Stinking, Dirt.
Jotuns. In German-Scandinavian mythology, giants are most often humanoid. The descendants of Bergelmir are the inhabitants of Jotunheim. Jotuns, thurs, in the later Scandinavian tradition - trolls, in Scandinavian mythology giants. They are presented in two ways. On the one hand, these are ancient giants - the first inhabitants of the world, preceding in time the gods and people. These are Ymir and his direct descendants (the so-called frost giants - hrimturs), including Bergelmir, according to the Younger Edda, who escaped in the ark when the gods killed Ymir, and drowned all the frost giants in his blood. The concept of frost giants includes their great wisdom. These are Bölthorn, the father of Odin’s mother, who gives him magic runes, and Vafthrudnir, with whom Odin competes in wisdom (“Speeches of Vafthrudnir” in the Elder Edda). Apparently, the owner of the honey source of wisdom, Mimir, is also a giant, with whose head Odin consults. The giant, the builder of the heavenly settlement of the gods - Asgard, also to some extent belongs to this category. E. are opposed to the gods - the aesir not only in time, but also in space - as inhabitants of a cold rocky country on the northern and eastern outskirts of the earth (Etunheim, Utgard), as representatives of elemental, demonic natural forces. They are the enemies of the Aesir, eager to take away their last wives - the goddesses Freya, Idunn and wonderful treasures - attributes of the gods, for example Thor's hammer, Idunn's rejuvenating apples. Thor always fights with Y., protecting Asgard and the world of people - Midgard - from them. These are the giants: Thrym, from whom Thor and Loki cunningly take away Thor's hammer, which he stole; Hymir, from whom Thor, after fabulous trials, obtains a cauldron for beer; Tiazzi, who steals Idunn and her apples, but is eventually defeated by the Aesir; Geirrod, who sought for Thor to appear unarmed in Etunheim, but was still defeated by him; Hrungnir, defeated by Thor and his companions, despite his heart of stone; finally, Skrymir, who tried to create the illusion of failure in the tests that the giants subjected Thor and his companions (Tjalfi and Loki) in Utgard (for more details, see article Thor and Loki). Loki, willingly or unwillingly, acts as a mediator in relations between the Aesir and the giants (the builder of Asgard, Thrym, Tiazzi, Geirrod). Odin, having outwitted the giants Suttung and Baugi, extracts the honey of poetry, guarded by Suttung's daughter Gunnlöd. Along with ugly old giantesses (like Thrym's sister or Angrboda - the mother of the chthonic monsters Ermungand and Fenrir), Scandinavian mythology knows the beautiful daughters of giants; love affairs and even marriages with them are not uncommon among the aces. Such, for example, is Skadi, the daughter of Tjazzi, whom Njord marries, or Gerd, the daughter of Gymir, to whom Freyr wooes.
Idun. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Goddess of eternal youth, keeper of “rejuvenating apples”, wife of the god Braga. Idunn (renewer), in Scandinavian mythology, the guardian goddess of wonderful rejuvenating apples. Her husband was the son of Odin, the god of eloquence Braga. The magic apple tree was cherished and protected by three wise Norns. Only the goddess of spring Idunn was allowed to collect wonderful fruits. From her inexhaustible casket, Idunn distributed golden apples, thanks to which the gods maintained eternal youth. The giants wanted to steal these precious gifts, wanting to deprive the gods of their strength and youth. One day, the god of fire Loki was captured by the giant Tiazzi, and in exchange for freedom he promised to steal golden apples from Idunn. Returning to Asgard, Loki told Idunn about apples that supposedly had even more miraculous properties and were found nearby; the trusting goddess went with him to the forest, where Tiazzi was waiting for her in the guise of an eagle. With his clawed paws he grabbed Idunn along with her apples and carried her to Etunheim, the land of giants. The loss of the apples immediately aged the gods, their eyes became clouded, their skin became flabby, and their minds weakened. The threat of death looms over Asgard. Eventually, Odin gathered his remaining strength and found Loki. Threatening him with death, he ordered the traitor to immediately return Idunn and the wonderful apples. Loki, turning into a falcon, flew to the domain of Tiazzi, turned Idunn into a nut and returned home with her. The giant in the guise of an eagle set off after them and tried to overtake the fugitives, but, flying over the high walls of Asgard, he burned in the flames of the fires built on the walls and turned into a handful of ash. Loki returned Idunn to her real appearance, and she distributed apples to the sick gods. Legends about golden apples, a symbol of youth and fertility, are known in Greek mythology (apples of the Hesperides). Maybe a Witch.
Kva;sir. Kva;zir (Old Norse Kvasir) - in German-Scandinavian mythology, a creature that arose from the saliva of the Aesir and Vanir, who performed a ritual mixing of saliva in a bowl at the conclusion of peace. Perhaps he originally personified an intoxicating drink (mash or beer). Kvasir was so wise that he could answer any question. Having reconciled the Aesir and Vanir, he went to teach people wisdom, but they paid little attention to the words of the little sage. Then Kvasir went to Svartalfheim. There he met two miniature brothers - Fjalar and Galar. They killed Kvasir and prepared a drink from his blood. Everyone who tried it at least once became a skilled poet, for which the drink was nicknamed “the honey of poetry.” The Aesir brothers convinced that Kvasir died of his own wisdom, which no questions could diminish in him.
Lefn. Lofn. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Sanctifies marriages between people. Maybe Slaven, Alaf (Nart epic)
Logs. In German-Scandinavian mythology, the Spirit of Flame. Loki competes with him during the famous campaign to Utgarda-Loki.
Lodur. Loki. Other names for Loki are Lodur, Loft. Maybe crafty, lazy, resourceful (Loft-Luft).
Lodur. In German-Slavic mythology, the evil Loki could be the light Lodur and the dark Loft at the same time.
Loki. Loki, Loki. God of fire in German-Scandinavian mythology. Agni in Vedic myths. Fire - in Russian-Slavic mythology. Not an ace, but lives in Asgard. Mentioned as giving people "warmth and a glow to their faces." He comes from a family of Jotuns, but the Aesir allowed him to live with them in Asgard for his extraordinary intelligence and cunning. Other names for Loki are Lodur, Loft. Son of the giant Farbauti and the giantess Lauveya. Before the giants began the war with the Aesir, Loki lived for three years in Jotunheim with the giantess Angrboda. During this time, she bore him three children: a daughter - half red, half blue Hel (goddess of the kingdom of the dead), the giant serpent Jormungandr and the wolf cub Fenrir. In addition, he existed for about a year in the form of a mare and gave birth to an eight-legged foal, Sleipnir, which Odin later rode. He also has two children from Sigyn: Nari and Vali (in other versions: Nari and Narvi, Vali and Tsarvi). Loki's traits are characteristic of tricksters: duplicity, resourcefulness, cunning, deceit. Loki is often considered to be deceitful, but this is not entirely true: the concepts of “lie” and “truth” are simply absent for Loki. He caused a lot of trouble to other aces, in particular, he led to the death of the god Balder. On the other hand, the aces often resorted to his services in cases where it was necessary to show cunning. Loki had the ability to change his appearance. So, in the form of a mare, he lured a horse (Svadilfari) from the jotun mason who was building Asgard, thereby saving the Aesir from the need to give the latter one of the goddesses as a wife. Enraged by Loki's machinations, the Aesir caught him and his two children, turned Nari into a wolf and he tore his brother into pieces. Vali Loki's intestines and chained to a rock, to three stones. Skadi, avenging her father, hung a snake over his head, the venom of which continuously drips onto Loki's face. But the god’s faithful wife Sigyn holds a cup over him, into which the poison is collected. When the cup overflows, Sigyn goes to empty it, while the poison drips onto Loki's face, and he struggles in agony. According to myths, this is what causes earthquakes. Maybe crafty, lazy, resourceful (Loft-Luft). Loki - the Black God - is a chthonic character, but in addition to blackness under the ground, blackness on earth and blackness in the sky are subordinate to him. Bound Loki remains underground as punishment for his antics. Venom from the snake's mouth drips onto Loki's face, and his convulsive movements cause earthquakes. Loki's daughter, Hel, belongs to the Underworld. If we consider Midgard to be the earth, Loki is represented there in the guise of the World (Midgard) Serpent. If Asgard is considered heaven, then he is, of course, a black among the aces, just as Loft is a “sower of discord.” Loki is one of the ancient gods from the older generation. His Vedic predecessor is Agni. Under the name Lodur, Loki enters one of the Eddic Triglavs. Loki Associated with death and world of the dead. The goddess of death Hel is the daughter of Loki. Like Lodur, Loki participates in the creation of the first people. He is the “culprit of strife. Loki influences the destinies of the world, acting as the initiator and executor (distributor) of various affairs. His connection with destinies as a trickster is substantiated by A. Platov. For example, Loki initiates the creation of magical things, the construction of a wall around Asgard and is the culprit of breaking this the aesir's oath. He is the mastermind of the murder of Balder. The aesir often got into trouble because of him, but often he saved them with his resourcefulness. There is a hint that Loki is actually a relative of Surt ( Black). It is Loki who successfully competes with Logi - the spirit of flame (it is no coincidence that their names are consonant, let us also remember Agni) during the famous campaign to Utgard-Loki. Wolf Fenrir - the son of Loki, one of his sons Narvi was turned into a wolf. . Loki is the captain of the Ship of the Dead - Naglfar, according to the Elder Edda. "The companions of Hel follow Loki" during the battle on the field of Vigrid, according to the Younger Edda. Finally, Loki is the progenitor of all witches Jormungand (Midgard Serpent) - the son of Loki. The system of nine worlds was created by the sons of Bor - Odin, Vili, Ve. Loki, according to Loki's Quarrel, is Odin's blood brother. In addition, “his brothers are Büleist and Helblindi,” and Helbdindi (Blind-Hel) is Odin’s heyti from the famous enumeration in the “Speeches of Grimnir.” This suggests the comparability of the triads Odin-Lodur-Khenir and Helblindi-Loki-Büleist. Loki, as A. Platov writes, is a crooked reflection of Odin. (The latter, by the way, does not prevent the evil Loki from being light Lodur and dark Loft at the same time). Loki, in turn, spoils the world created by Odin, Vili and Ve (and acts here as the dark hypostasis of Odin). Loki - “evil ace”, “sower of discord”, “enemy of the gods”, “slanderer and deceiver of the gods”, “smith of troubles”. “He is evil in disposition and very fickle, he has surpassed all people in that wisdom that is called deceit.” Loki is the Black God. Chernobog's opponent is Bel-god. Since Heimdall is Loki's main opponent, Heimdall can be called Bel-god.
Lofn. Sjöfn accompanies Lofn, who "... is so kind that she prays to the Allfather or Frigg for the creation of a union between a woman and a man, even if they were previously denied this. Therefore, it is from her name that the meaning of the word "lof, " (permission / permission) goes back ), as well as lofat - strong praise of something by people." Today, gays and lesbians can turn to Lofn. But the concept of “allowing” is no less important outside the realm of love. Lofn can help us allow ourselves all those things that prevent us from fulfilling our complexes or public opinion. She is the door to freedom and access to joy. Her symbol is a golden key. Maybe Slaven, Alaf (Nart epic)
Loft. In German-Slavic mythology, God is the sower of discord. The evil Loki could be the light Lodur and the dark Loft at the same time.
Magni. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. The son of Thor and the giantess Yarnsaxa, he grew up in three days and saved his father, who was crushed by a defeated enemy. Maybe Mighty.
Mimir. In German-Scandinavian mythology. Odin's uncle. As a sign of reconciliation with the Vanir, the Aesir sent hostages to Vanaheim: Hoenir, the brother of the god Odin, who gave the first people feelings, and the wise Mimir. At first, Hoenir and Mimir were warmly received by the Vanir, but they soon came to the conclusion that they had lost in the exchange with the Aesir. The indecisive Hoenir could not say a word unless Mimir was nearby. The Vanirs decided that Mimir was not only the voice of Hoenir, but also his mind. Enraged, they cut off Mimir's head and sent it to the Aesir. One embalmed the unfortunate man's head, then read a spell over it, restoring the ability to speak. Subsequently, Odin instructed the head of Mimir to guard the magical spring under the roots of the world tree Yggdrasil. Wanting to gain part of Mimir's knowledge, Odin gave him one eye for permission to drink from the source of wisdom. Before the last battle of gods and monsters, Ragnarok, Odin must go to the source and there seek advice from the head of Mimir.
Nanna. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Balder's wife. The Hyperboreans had the God of Heaven Anu, they also had the goddess Inanna, the foremother of the good earth and the steppe, and the Hyperboreans also had the seven-headed goddess Nan from the abyss, the wife of Anu.
Norns. Norns, in German-Scandinavian mythology, goddesses of fate. The first norn was the wise old Urd ("fate"), reading the scroll of the past. The second was called Verdandi (“becoming”); it symbolized the present. The third, Skuld (“debt”), kept the scroll of the future. The Norns lived at the Urd spring at the roots of the world tree Yggdrasil, which they sprayed daily with moisture from the spring. There was a belief that the norns only determined the fate of gods, giants, dwarfs and people, but could not control it, although they sometimes foreshadowed misfortune. For example, Urd told the supreme god Odin that he was destined to die in the mouth of the terrible wolf Fenrir on the day of the battle of Ragnarok. There is a very clear parallel between the Norns, the Greek Moirai and the Roman parks. It is likely that the Norns were also spinners originally. However, if the Greeks and Romans believed that goddesses spin threads of fate of a certain length for each mortal, then in German-Scandinavian mythology there is no such idea of \u200b\u200bfate.
One. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. Wotan (Godan) is his Germanic name. His name was also Svafnir. Father of the Aesir and the wisest of them, inventor of poetry and magic, god of thunder and lightning, supreme god, king of the Aesir, master of Valhalla.
Odr. In German-Scandinavian mythology Odr. The Slavs and Russians have a God named Odyorishek (his day is March 22, when he gets close to the back). Odradek is a creature that resembles a flat, toothed thread spool. Lives in the attic or on stairs, in hallways and hallways. The Odrysian-Rus tribes are well known among the Thracians who settled from the Danube to Central Anatolia in Turkey. The region of Troas and the city of Troy are known in the era of the decline of Ararat in the 3rd millennium BC. Odr – bed – foot – pard. Obviously, the word “Rus” meant the leopard-lynx totem, the image of which accompanied the “lynxes” from the bas-reliefs of Chattal-Guyuk to the temple frescoes of Kievan Rus. King of the Balkan Rus (Odris) Teres in the 5th century. BC. creates an independent state on the territory of modern Bulgaria that existed until the beginning of the new era. (G. Klimov)
Ollerus. Ull. Saxo Grammaticus in the Acts of the Danes mentions Ollerus, who allegedly reigned in Byzantium after Odin was expelled from there. Maybe Oleg, Volga.
First Triglav. In German-Scandinavian mythology, the sons of Bor. According to the Younger Edda, people were created by the First Triglav - the sons of Bor, according to the Elder Edda, this was done by the Second Triglav. “Song of Riga”.
Rig. Scand. Rig. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. Father of people. Maybe Rzhitsa. Rzhanitsa. Rigach. Rizhnik. Among the Slavs - the Spirit living on strips of rye. “The Song of Riga” talks about him as an educator (“Rig knew how to give them advice;”) and the founder, literally and figuratively, of three castes. Since then, according to the “Song of Riga”, people are already born as thralls, dwarves and jarls, i.e. the direction of their fate is determined by this caste (and the corresponding physiology, which is most perfect among the jarls). At the same time, Rig-Heimdall teaches his third son Jarl that things cannot simply be passed on through heredity, as happens with ordinary occupations.
Saga. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Serves Frigga and carries out her instructions. Saga (Old Scand. Saga) is a goddess of Scandinavian mythology about whom there is little data. According to the Icelandic Dictionary, the name Saga is akin to "segja" (to say), and "saga", which means story, tale, legend, history. The word itself owes its origin to the fact that the first historical writings were based only on tradition, stories handed down for recording as sagas or legends. The recorded stories were not new; they were already familiar to many generations. Storytelling was one of the entertainments at public meetings in Iceland, at feasts, weddings, etc., traces of such entertainment are mentioned even at meetings of the Icelandic Althing. A saga-teller is called s;gu-madhr ("husband of the saga") or s;gu-kona ("woman of the saga"). (Cleasby and Vigfusson, Icelandic Dictionary). Competitions were held to see who could drink the most beer and tell stories. Saga, which is also synonymous with the word history, knows the names of the ancestors and all the stories of the family. She is probably the one who gives advice to diss, and speaks through every old grandmother who keeps a box of family photos and remembers old stories. I think its symbol is a manuscript or a golden cup. A saga can be called upon to assist in the telling or writing of stories, legends, etc. It helps us remember and understand the past. She is interested in individuals, families, cultural history, and oral histories. To get in touch with her, collect your family history and write them down. A ritual in honor of Saga could be the telling of stories in a circle. Light a fire in the fireplace and pass the bowl or horn around. According to the Grimnism;l Edda, Saga lives on Sökkvabekk and drinks there every day with Odin from a golden vessel. Apparently, Saga is just another name for Frigga, Odin's wife. Müllengoff sees Cage as the personification of the reflection of the sun in water. In Tibet and the Mongols there is a mythological Character Tsagan Gertu Khan, “White Yurt Khan”. Among Genghis Khan's most revered banners was the Tsagan Sulde - a white banner.
Siv (Sif). In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. Goddess of fertility, wife of Thor. Siv in Scandinavian mythology is the goddess, wife of Thor. From her first marriage she had a son, Uu, the god of archers and skiers. Siv was famous for her wonderful golden hair (apparently a symbol of fertility). There is a well-known myth about how Loki cut off her hair, and then, at Thor’s request, forced the miniatures to forge for Siv a magical wig made of golden threads, which looked wonderful: even the weakest breeze blew thick golden strands, and, in addition, the hair itself grew on her head . Deciding to please the gods and leave them in their debt, the dwarfs used the heat remaining in the forge to make the folding ship Skidbladnir for the fertility god Frey and the magic spear Gungnir for Odin. Returning from the forge to the abode of the gods Asgard with a wig, a ship and a spear, Loki met the dwarf brothers Brokk and Eitri. They appreciated the skill with which these wonderful things were made. Loki invited them to forge something better and even bet his own head that they would not be able to surpass the miniatures. Touched to the quick, the brothers made for Thor the magic hammer Mjollnir, the thunderstorm of giants. The suffering of the beautiful Siv, who lost her thick hair at the evil whim of Loki, was identified by the Scandinavians with winter, when stubble remains in the fields instead of a golden field. Sofia, Sofia, Sif, Sev, North, Savir, Sybir, Siberia.
Syn. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Protects their human houses from thieves. Sin is the one who guards our borders. In Fesalir, she guards the doors of the hall and locks the entrance to those who do not intend to enter there. In meetings, she prepares a response to the issues that she wants to refute. "Syn" equals rebuttal by saying no. Sin is the one who guards the doors that we want to keep locked, whether they are physical doors or gateways to our inner world. She is the power that allows us to understand what is true and what is not, and gives us the power to “say no” to things that might humiliate or harm us. She may be called upon to protect a home or sacred site, or to create a shield that can withstand physical or psychic attack. In our meditations, she appears at the door of Frigga's hall, dressed in gray and holding a shield. Its symbol is a birch broom, which is hung on the door to ward off evil. In honor of her, we made our own sacred broom by tying straw onto a birch stick. Each woman, tying her bundle of straw, named the qualities that she wanted to give to this object.
Sif. Siv. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Goddess of fertility, wife of Thor. Sofia, Sofia, Sif, Sev, North, Savir, Sybir, Siberia.
Snotra. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Goddess of reason, wisdom and politeness. She is smart and reserved, and wise women and reserved men are named after her. The Snotra is given in the collection "Vision of Gylvi" "Younger Edda". At first glance, Snotra to some extent duplicates the functions of the wise Braga, but a closer look in the characteristic “restraint” reveals a rather important function: mental balance, equanimity, which is one of the characteristic features of the “Nordic, solid character” and represents in the personality assessment system, inherent in Asatru, high value. Diana Paxton, in connection with the goddess Frigg, has a capacious description of Snotra: “Snotra is wise, courteous, with gentle manners.” In Old Norman, “Snot” is a word meaning bride or mistress. Snotra helps to acquire those qualities, social skills and morals that are necessary for a group of people to endure the long northern winter in each other's company. Snotra's knowledge goes beyond simple etiquette. She is the Great Lady, in her we find qualities that enable us to overcome physical and social adversity. She always knows how to do the right thing and has a deep understanding of human character and social relationships. She not only knows the rules of behavior, but also the reasons that give rise to them. In her character we find courage without bravado, nobility - a specific type of courage that allows people of strong character and excellent upbringing to set a good example. Her symbol is a linen handkerchief.
Surt. Surtur. In German-Scandinavian mythology, a fire giant, lord of Muspelheim. Surt rules the fire giants. His name means Black (Dark-skinned). The "Divination of the Völva" (Elder Edda) tells us that before the end of the world (Ragnarok). Surt comes from the south and his chthonic hordes, like the southern wind, moving north, will fight the Gods Asami in the last battle. In this battle of Surt, he kills the god Frey and then burns the world. According to legend, his sword will cut down the world tree Yggdrasil and this will be the beginning of the death of the whole world. Only Hoddmimir Forest will remain, as it is the only place where his flaming sword loses its power. Loki is probably a relative of Loki. Apparently, Surtr sat on the edge of the Earth, Muspell, where he sat on the edge of this land of fire back in the days when there was neither Asgard nor Midgard (only Muspelheim and Niflheim). Chernobog (Loki Surt, Hed). In Chuvash mythology, the spirit is the patron of the house and family of Khert-Surt. This is a character of non-Turkic origin of the Finnish-speaking population of Eastern Europe.
Sons of Bor. In German-Scandinavian mythology, according to the Younger Edda, people were created by the First Triglav - the sons of Bor, according to the Elder Edda, this was done by the Second Triglav (Song of Riga). The system of nine worlds was created by the sons of Bor - Odin, Vili, Ve.
Sjöfn. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Goddess of love and friendship. The one that inclines the hearts to love, both women and men. It is from her name that the meaning of the word “siafni”, meaning affection, goes back. They call on her when they want to attract the attention of a loved one. Its power extends far beyond passion or romantic love. If we reflect on its functions, it becomes clear that it governs the whole complex of affectionate relationships by which women maintain the unity of the family, including the love for siblings, parents and children, and the affection that grows between those who work together. Her symbol is a pink stone heart on a gold chain. Sjöfn collects and mixes hearts.
Tivaz. Tyr.
Shooting gallery Tyr.
Tiu. Tyr.
Thor. (;;rr, Thor, Thunar, Donar). Gromovnik. Donar is a Germanic name. The god of thunder, who with his hammer defeats giants - the enemies of the Aesir and other monsters, is the patron of blacksmiths, and the protector of Midgard. Maybe Khor-Tor, Don for the Russians. In German-Scandinavian mythology, one of the aces, the god of thunder, lightning, storms and fertility. The eldest son of Odin and the earth goddess Jord or Fjörgyn. The name of the god's war hammer, Mjollnir, could once mean the word "lightning", forged for the god by the dwarf brothers (tsvergs), a symbol of creative and destructive forces, a source of fertility and good luck, had a massive striker, a short handle and always hit the target. Thor, the greatest enemy of the giants, had a lot in common with them. The red-bearded hero was very energetic and had an incredible appetite - he ate a bull in one sitting. Thor loved to measure his strength with everyone. His huge bronze chariot was pulled across the sky by two goats called Tangniostr ("grinding his teeth") and Tangrisnir ("grinding his teeth"). With a red-hot hammer and a belt of power, Thor was invincible. True, he was unable to prevent Ragnarok, the day of universal destruction, but he was able to rid the world of the serpent Jormungandr. Thor was constantly accompanied by the fire god Loki, who usually held onto the thunder belt. In some cases, Loki's resourcefulness and dexterity forced the giants to be on their guard. Thor's war hammer, Mjollnir, served the gods as protection from giants and had many magical properties: it influenced fertility and death, could bring animals back to life, and blessed marriages. On the day of Ragnarok, Thor died from Loki's son, the serpent Jormungandr. Thunderer tore off the ugly head of the monster and, moving only nine steps away from it, drowned in a stream of poison spewing out of the gaping mouth of the dead creature.
Triglav II. In German-Scandinavian mythology, the Second Triglav.
Triglav First. In German-Scandinavian mythology, the First Triglav.
Tridi (Third). In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. One of the three Ases, who talked with King Gylfi. Maybe one of the Triglavs.
Tours. (thurs). In German-Scandinavian mythology, giants are most often humanoid. The Thurisaz rune is associated with the Turs. Scandinavian trolls. Correspond to the titans in ancient mythology. Turs (giants) are divided into several genera, according to their places of residence. Frost giants are the first living creatures (Ymir and his children) that appeared in the world even before the gods and people. Their direct continuation is the ice giants - the inhabitants of Niflheim. Jotuns, thurs, in the later Scandinavian tradition - trolls, in Scandinavian mythology giants. They are presented in two ways. On the one hand, these are ancient giants - the first inhabitants of the world, preceding in time the gods and people. These are Ymir and his direct descendants (the so-called frost giants - hrimturs), including Bergelmir, according to the Younger Edda, who escaped in the ark when the gods killed Ymir, and drowned all the frost giants in his blood. The concept of frost giants includes their great wisdom. These are Bölthorn, the father of Odin’s mother, who gives him magic runes, and Vafthrudnir, with whom Odin competes in wisdom (“Speeches of Vafthrudnir” in the Elder Edda). Apparently, the owner of the honey source of wisdom, Mimir, is also a giant, with whose head Odin consults. The giant, the builder of the heavenly settlement of the gods - Asgard, also to some extent belongs to this category. E. are opposed to the gods - the aesir not only in time, but also in space - as inhabitants of a cold, rocky country on the northern and eastern outskirts of the earth (Etunheim, Utgard), as representatives of elemental, demonic natural forces. They are the enemies of the Aesir, eager to take away their last wives - the goddesses Freya, Idunn and wonderful treasures - attributes of the gods, for example Thor's hammer, Idunn's rejuvenating apples. Thor always fights with Y., protecting Asgard and the world of people - Midgard - from them. These are the giants: Thrym, from whom Thor and Loki cunningly take away Thor's hammer, which he stole; Hymir, from whom Thor, after fabulous trials, obtains a cauldron for beer; Tiazzi, who steals Idunn and her apples, but is eventually defeated by the Aesir; Geirrod, who sought for Thor to appear unarmed in Etunheim, but was still defeated by him; Hrungnir, defeated by Thor and his companions, despite his heart of stone; finally, Skrymir, who tried to create the illusion of failure in the tests that the giants subjected Thor and his companions (Tjalfi and Loki) in Utgard (for more details, see article Thor and Loki). Loki, willingly or unwillingly, acts as a mediator in relations between the Aesir and the giants (the builder of Asgard, Thrym, Tiazzi, Geirrod). Odin, having outwitted the giants Suttung and Baugi, extracts the honey of poetry, guarded by Suttung's daughter Gunnlöd. Along with ugly old giantesses (like Thrym's sister or Angrboda - the mother of the chthonic monsters Ermungand and Fenrir), Scandinavian mythology knows the beautiful daughters of giants; love affairs and even marriages with them are not uncommon among the aces. Such, for example, is Skadi, the daughter of Tjazzi, whom Njord marries, or Gerd, the daughter of Gymir, to whom Freyr wooes.
Tyr. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. God of war, keeper of military traditions, patron of military meetings and duels, son of Odin; he has only his left hand, for he sacrificed his right hand to bind the wolf Fenrir. Tyr, Tyr, Tiu, Tiwaz, in German-Scandinavian mythology, “god of battle,” the son of Odin and his wife Frigg. His cult was closely related to the cult of Odin, and hanging victims were sacrificed to both of them. Tyr was probably originally the god of the sky, whose powers later passed to Odin and Thor. Odin's magic spear Gungnir, which always hits the target, could once have belonged to Tyr, as evidenced by the Viking custom of throwing spears behind the backs of opponents before starting hand-to-hand combat, as well as the latest archaeological finds of magnificently ornamented copies dedicated to the “wise and bravest god” Tyr. One of the myths about Tyr is associated with Fenrir. This monstrous wolf grew so strong that the gods decided to chain him. Ordinary chains did not hold the beast, and in order for Fenrir to agree to put on the magic chains, Tyr had to put his right hand in his mouth as a sign of trust. When the wolf realized that he was unable to break the bonds, he bit off his hand, and the gods laughed for a long time at Tyr’s suffering. Tyr's demotion in the hierarchy of the gods may be associated precisely with the injury. A similar incident occurred with the Celtic god Nuada, who lost his arm in the first battle of Moytura and therefore ceased to lead the Tribes of the goddess Danu. In the last battle before the end of the world, Tyr fought with the demon dog Garm, and they killed each other. In Roman mythology, the early image of Tyr corresponds to Mars. Maybe Khor-Tor, Tur.
Ull. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Not much is known about this ancient deity, but adherents of the Asatru religion find many attractive features in him. In kennings (poetic allegories) he appears as “ace-archer”, “ace-skier”, “ace of the shield” (the shield is called “ash” or “Ull’s ship”). As the skier god, Ull was repeatedly juxtaposed and drawn closer to Skadi. Ull does not have its own myth, but traces of the cult of Ull have been found in Sweden and Norway. Ull, the god of winter, was the son of Siv and the stepson of Thor (the son of Sif from his first marriage to the star hero Orvandil). Thus, Ullr belongs to the Vanir class. Ull Like Orvandil, Ull is apparently much older than the Aesir and even the Vanir. Some researchers identify him with the archaic god of death, worshiped in Norway, where many settlements are named after him. The name "Ull" means "sparkling". In Scandinavia it is associated with the northern lights. Apparently, at some era, Ull played as important a role as Odin, and he was believed to rule Asgard during the winter months. Ull is the skier god, patron of winter. His weapon is a bow. His consort Skadi, whose name means “shadow,” was also once the local archaic goddess of death. According to other sources, Ull had a twin sister named Ullin. In all likelihood, Ullin is the Scandinavian equivalent of Holda, the goddess of snow. This hypothesis fits well into the general system of twin deities that stands out within the framework of northern mythology. When calling on Ull, you should face north. His main rune is Eyvaz, the additional one is Vunyo. Both of them will help to gain the favor of this deity, but it is best to invoke Ull with the help of a linked rune consisting of these two runes. They approached Ull with requests to grant victory in the duel, and also called him to witness the oath. Therefore, one of Ull’s attributes is the oath ring, which was placed on his altar. The Anglo-Saxons honored him under the name “Wuldor,” meaning “brilliance” or “glory.” Saxo Grammaticus in the Acts of the Danes mentions Ollerus, who allegedly reigned in Byzantium after Odin was expelled from there. Maybe Oleg, Volga.
Ondines. Undines (“waves”), in the mythology of the peoples of Western Europe, are female spirits of water, inhabitants of streams, rivers and lakes. People believed that these beautiful girls, sometimes with fish tails, came out of the water and combed their loose hair on the shore. With sweet-sounding singing and beauty, they lured travelers into their kingdom, destroyed them or made them lovers. It was believed that undines could acquire a human soul by loving and giving birth to a child on earth. Among medieval alchemists, undines were spirits that controlled the water element, just as salamanders were spirits of fire, sylphs were spirits of air, and gnomes were spirits. underworld. In Greek mythology they correspond to nymphs, in Slavic mythology - mermaids.
Forseti. In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. Chairman. Son of Balder and Nanna. Forseti is the god of justice and fairness, arbitration and reconciliation. resolving disputes and returning consent to those disputing. Forseti is the chairman of the Thing, who resolves disputes among the aces. Forseti was one of the wisest and most eloquent aces. Forseti ruled in Glitnir (Old Norse: Glitnir - shining, so called because of the bright shine of the silver and gold from which he was made). Sitting in front of everyone. Court.
Fiergun. Germanic Goddess. This name is often compared with the name Perkun, which is to some extent preserved in the name of the maternal deity of German-Scandinian mythology - the mother of the Thunderer Thor is called Fjergun. At first glance, it is far from the original “Perk-un”, but, according to scientists, it evolved from it.
Frigg (often confused with Freya). In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Odin's wife, protector of people. The image of Frigga, whose name can be translated as “love” (frigu - love in Old English), which has come down to us from ancient times, is quite complex and versatile. Not only does she not seem to resent Odin's relationships with other women, she herself is said to live with his brothers while he wanders, without objection from him. Indeed, the relationship between them is mutually respectful and their only known quarrels are political in nature. In fact, the accusations made by Loki against most of the goddesses at Aegir's feast suggest sexual freedom. This is what Njord says regarding Freya: “It is not a crime if a woman has a husband and a lover...”
Fulla. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Frigg's faithful servant. She always helps the goddesses cope with difficult work. Fulla is a virgin, with flowing hair tied with a golden ribbon. She carries Frigga's box, takes care of her shoes and shares her secrets. Nanna sent her a ring from Hel. She may be the same Volla, Frigg's named sister, Grimm suggests her to be the female counterpart of Thol, who may be a form of Balder (in which case she was Frigg's daughter, not sister). Frigg sends her to mislead Geirrod. Fulla is the keeper of the Northern Feminine Mysteries. She is the liminal figure who holds visible symbol secrets She is the one who can open Frigga's box and give women access to the treasure, keeping it in a place where no man can see it. Her symbols are the golden ribbon and the box she carries. She seemed icy like the Moon, with long blond hair. To understand Fulla's powers, we must consider the treasures she guards. One way is to draw a box and write inside it the names of our own resources and abilities. Or we can take an actual box and gradually fill it with items that symbolize the things we value.
Har (High). In German-Scandinavian mythology, As is one of the highest Gods. One of the three Ases who talked with King Gylfi. Presumably One. Maybe Hor, Hor-Tor.
Hod. In German-Scandinavian mythology, Ace is one of the High Gods. Son of Odin, blind ace, god of winter. Son of Odin and Frigga. Known for killing Balder with an arrow placed in his hands by the fire god Loki. For which he was killed by the ace Vali before he could say about his innocence. According to legend, on the day of Ragnarok he will return to the world of the living and will be among the new gods who will survive the last battle. May be Thin (sick, blind).
Heimdall. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Son of Odin, “the brightest of the Aesir”, the guardian god of the rainbow bridge connecting heaven and earth. Heimdall is the guardian of the gods who lives at the edge of the world and protects the Bifrost rainbow bridge from the giant jotuns. He sees day and night at a distance of a hundred miles and hears the grass growing in the field and the wool on the sheep. His teeth are made of pure gold, and at his belt hangs the golden horn Gjallarhorn, the sound of which will be heard in all corners of the world. The sound of his horn will herald the beginning of Ragnarok.
Hoenir. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Mentioned as having breathed soul into people. Odin's dining companion and interlocutor. Together with Odin and Loki, he participates in the revival of the tree prototypes of the first people. According to the “Prophecy of the Völva”, he will live in the reborn world after Ragnarok along with Balder and Höd. The Hoenir crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto is named after this god.
Hermod. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. The son of Odin and the brother of Balder, for whom he rode on Sleipnir to the kingdom of the dead. Hermod ("courageous"), in Scandinavian mythology, the son of Odin and the brother of Balder, who served as a messenger and messenger of the gods. In addition, Hermod apparently had something to do with underground kingdom, since it was he who was instructed to go to Hel to ask for the release of the deceased Balder. The brave god rode there on Odin’s horse, the eight-legged Sleipnir. Arriving in Hel, Hermod learned that his brother had managed to occupy a high position in the kingdom of the dead. The messenger of the gods told Hel about the purpose of his visit, and she agreed to let Balder go if all the creatures and things in the world began to mourn him, and also allowed Hermod to return Odin’s wonderful ring to Asgard, which he, in a fit of despair, put on the finger of his dead son. One day Hermod almost died on the way to Midgard, the land of people. Concerned about the predictions about his future, Odin sent him to foreign lands to the Finnish sage Rosstjof for advice. With the help of magic, Hermod was saved and hurried to return to Asgard to calm his father. In Greek mythology, Hermes, the messenger of the gods, corresponds to some extent to him.
Hert-Surt. In Chuvash mythology, the spirit is the patron of home and family. The image of Hert-Surt is of non-Turkic origin and is apparently associated with the mythology of the Finnish-speaking population of Eastern Europe. (Spirits identical in function to Khert-Surt with similar names were revered by the Finnish-speaking peoples of the Volga region, for example, the patroness of the court Kardaz-ava among the Mordovians.) The word “surt” in the name Khert-Surt is possibly related to the Russian “devil”. It was believed that Khert-Surt is usually invisible, and when appearing to people, he takes the form of a woman or girl in white. Khert-Surt lives on the stove (according to some myths, Khert-Surt’s mother, Khert-Surt amashe, lives on the stove, and Khert-Surt herself lives in the stable). At night, Khert-Surt spins yarn and sifts flour (the presence of spirit can be detected by the noise that occurs), in the stable he braids the manes of his favorite horses, and takes care of the cattle. Anticipating trouble, Khert-Surt moans or knocks. Khert-Surt does not like quarrels and swearing in the family; if Khert-Surt leaves his unloved owner, there will be no more happiness in his house. When moving to a new house, the owners invited Hert-Surt with them. Once a year or every few years, a holiday was celebrated in honor of Khert-Surt, at which small sacrifices were made to her: after prayer and dinner, the mistress of the house put a dish of porridge and flatbread on the stove for Khert-Surt. In the morning, the porridge was heated and eaten by the whole family. Young women, visiting their parents' house soon after the wedding, brought gifts to Khert-Surt so that they would be happy in their married life. Khert-Surt in the mythologies of other Turkic-speaking peoples corresponds to the Tatars. iyase, yort iyase, bashk. Yort Eyape, Karachaevsk, Yui Iyesi. Wed. also brownies in the mythologies of the Finnish-speaking peoples of the Volga region and the Eastern Slavs.
Hlin. In German-Norse mythology, she protects those whom Frigga wants to save, she is a refuge for those who are in danger. "From this comes the saying that he who runs away finds refuge (hleinir)." She appears instead of Frigga in the following passage, “Hlin experiences another grief: when Odin goes forward to fight the Wolf” (“Volusp;”: 52). Scholars generally agree that her first grief was the death of Balder. Apparently Frigga is identified with Hlyn here because in this case she was unable to protect the one she loved, Balder, nor would she be able to help Odin when Ragnarok happened. Khlin provides personal protection and saves the persecuted from danger; she is the refuge of a fugitive. If Sin's protection is protective, then Khlin's protection is more active, she fights for her charges and hides them from danger. She is a fiercely passionate mother who protects her young. She protects against those who want to take advantage of a woman's vulnerability, as well as physical weakness in general. She is a shield thief. Her symbols are a blade or a shield.
Chernobog. In German-Sandinavian mythology, Loki. Loki, as A. Platov writes, is a crooked reflection of Odin. (The latter, by the way, does not prevent the evil Loki from being light Lodur and dark Loft at the same time). When creating a new World, Odin acts as Chernobog, he kills Ymir and violates the Order that existed under Ymir, i.e. destroys the world that existed before Odin and consisted only of Muspelheim, Niflheim and the World Abyss. Loki, in turn, spoils the world created by Odin, Vili and Ve (and acts here as the dark hypostasis of Odin). Black Gods are dark characters associated with the lower world, dead world matter, they either come from the beyond world, or live outside our world and the hero appears to them; Their opponent turns out to be a hero who is correlated with the White Light both literally (Lley, Balor’s opponent, has solar features) and figuratively; All of them are led by a force that opposes the Light - the world of the hero; Each of the opponents of the “vee-like character” is flawed in some way. A meeting with a Dark enemy removes this “damage”.
Einherjar. In German-Scandinavian mythology, “valiantly fallen” warriors who constantly live in the heavenly Valhalla after their heroic death and form the squad of the god Odin. Carried away from the battlefield by the Valkyries, they spent their days in battles and their nights in feasts, and the wounds they received in the daytime battle miraculously healed by the evening. On the day of the death of the world, Ragnarok, the Einherjar will have to take part in the last battle of the gods with giants and monsters.
Air. In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. Ac. Goddess of healing. An extremely good healer. "In "Svipsdagmal" Eir is the wife of Menglot, Living on Lufya, the Mountain of Healing, about whom it is said: "Mountain Lufya is high, the road up is not easy, A halt can help the sick. A healthy one can overcome her, although the one who is subject to her height seems helpless." Her name is also seen among the "handmaidens of Odin", the Valkyries. Eir is a healer of the gods, her origins are mysterious and connected with her skills in shaping destinies. Like many traditional healers, she goes where her services are needed, performing the functions of a family doctor. Apparently she practices all types of traditional medicine, characteristic of women, based both on the knowledge of herbs and the rules of healthy eating, and on spells. In our work with her, she seems strict. , but compassionate; her symbols are the mortar and pestle. The ritual dedicated to Eir may represent the making of amulets with medicinal herbs (angelica).
Elves. German elf - from alb - white. In Germanic-Scandinavian mythology, fairy people in Germanic-Scandinavian and Celtic folklore. Also known under the names Alva (Swedish), Sida (Irish). In German-Scandinavian mythology, lower natural spirits. Essentially the same word “flvy”, only in the pronunciation of some German-Scandinavian languages. Elves were represented as anthropomorphic creatures of small stature, dexterous and agile, with long arms and short legs. Their occupations were determined primarily by their habitat. The elves living in the mountains were considered excellent gunsmiths and blacksmiths; and the elves who settled near the water were excellent musicians. In general, all these creatures were very fond of music and dancing. According to legend, the elves were a whole mythical people, divided into rich and poor. They could be good and evil. Like people, they were of different sexes and could give birth to children. There are legends about marriages between elves and humans. Like any spirits, elves were considered endowed with considerable supernatural abilities. List of elves in the “Younger Edda”: Light elves (elves) are skilled blacksmiths, wizards and musicians. Völund is the lord of the elves, an excellent blacksmith. Beyla, Biggvir, Dekkalfar, Svartalfar. Dark elves (dwarves) are also skilled blacksmiths and sorcerers. Hreidmar is a sorcerer who, as a ransom for the murder of his son, was given the treasures of the Nibelungs, cursed by the king Andvari, as ransom for the murder of his son. The sons of Hreidmar are Otr, Regin, Fafnir. Gandalf is a magician and sorcerer. Vidfin is a dwarf who sent his sons to get honey from the honey spring of Mimir's wisdom. Vidfin's sons - Beel, Hyuki. Descriptions of elves in different mythologies vary, but, as a rule, they are beautiful, bright creatures, spirits of the forest, friendly to humans. Many myths and writers do not differentiate between elves and fairies. In fantasy literature, elves are, along with gnomes, goblins and trolls, one of the “standard” races. In Germanic languages there is a group of similar “elf” words: the Danish name “elv”, the Anglo-Saxon “aelf”, the Swedish “alv”, the Norwegian “alv” and the Icelandic “alf-ur”, which indicates a single root, and therefore - about the former unity of ideas about elves among the ancestors of all modern Germanic peoples. The very origin of the German word “elf” is much more difficult to understand, and is hardly possible at all. Some researchers associate this word with the Romance root "alb" - "white", there is also an opinion that it came from the Welsh or Scottish "ellyl" / "aillil" - "shining", going back to the Sumerian "ellu" - also "shining" (Elves from early legends were distinguished by the radiance emanating from them, for an example see Anglo-Saxon word "fuda-science").
Yafnhar (Equally High). In German-Scandinavian mythology from the highest Gods. One of the three Ases, who talked with King Gylfi. Presumably Loki.
Gylfi In German-Scandinavian mythology, the legendary Swedish king, originally a sea giant, who heard Gytheon's stories about the Aesir and went in search of them; after long wanderings in the city, for his zeal, he got the opportunity to talk with three aces (High, Equally High and Third), who answered his questions about the origin, structure and fate of the universe.
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