Complete, exhaustive, accurate knowledge about the object of study is called. How to distinguish true knowledge from false? True knowledge is different from false knowledge
15. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) always find their confirmation in practice; 3) provide complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject;
2) are objective in nature; 4) can be refuted over time.
16. True knowledge as opposed to false:
1) is mined during cognitive activity; 3) abstracts from secondary features;
2) corresponds to the very object of knowledge; 4) presented in scientific language.
17. Are the following statements about false knowledge true?
Knowledge is false
A. not relevant to the subject of study.
B. not verified experimentally.
18. Are the following truth statements true?
A. The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.
B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
19. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct?
Practice is a relative criterion of truth, because
A. not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.
B. there are phenomena that are not accessible to practical influence on them.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
20. Write down the word that is missing in the following phrase:
“Undoubted, unchangeable, once and for all established knowledge, a kind of pattern to which human knowledge strives, is usually called ___________ truth.”
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
As is known, objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity; this is an adequate reflection by the subject of the surrounding world. general characteristics truth is applicable to any form of knowledge - both natural science and social reflection. However, while noting the generality, one should also see the specificity of the manifestation of truth in the reflection social phenomena. It is necessary to take into account the characteristics of both the object and the subject of cognition, and their relationships...
There is only one objective truth in the social sciences, as in natural sciences. It cannot be otherwise if we strictly adhere to the criterion of scientificity in social cognition. But it is also obvious that the process of comprehending objective truth is as difficult as it is endless. The development of social knowledge proceeds through the struggle of opposing views, concepts and theories, through their systematic revision. The only objective criterion of truth is practice...
At the same time, one must always keep in mind that the criterion of truth is not a single experience, not a one-time act of verification, but social practice in its historical dimension.
However, practice is a relative criterion of social truth in the sense that it indicates the truth of knowledge only for certain historical conditions. The criterion of practice is so “defined” as to distinguish objective knowledge from subjective opinions and idealistic delusions in order to stimulate the creative development of social cognition, and at the same time so “uncertain” as to allow human knowledge to turn into an “absolute”.
(A.M. Korshunov, V.V. Mantatov)
21. What two definitions of objective truth are given by the authors?
22. What two features of practice as a criterion of truth in the social sciences are mentioned in the text?
23. Characterize, based on your knowledge of the course, the features of the object, subject and results of social cognition.
24. Give three examples that support any three of the authors' statements (of your choice). In each case, write a statement first and then a corresponding example.
Scientific knowledge
25. Only scientific knowledge includes:
1) established facts; 3) logical conclusions;
2) experimentally based conclusions; 4) observation results.
26. What is an example of scientific knowledge?
1) twice two is four; 3) time for business - an hour for fun;
27. Which of the following statements is scientific?
1) time flows everywhere the same and does not depend on anything;
2) a person’s fate depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the moment of his birth;
3) electric current flows through wires in the same way as water through pipes;
4) there is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.
28. What method of acquiring knowledge is used? mainly on a theoretical level scientific knowledge?
1) measuring objects; 3) putting forward a hypothesis;
2) description of experimental data; 4) conducting observations.
29. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map that showed the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, Magellan did not find the strait in the place marked on the map. Then he, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, suggested that this strait should be further south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered a strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.
What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? List three methods.
30. Name any three features of scientific knowledge and illustrate each of them with an example.
31. Use three examples to reveal the methods of obtaining knowledge inherent in science.
Read the text and complete tasks 32-35.
Empirical knowledge.
The complexity of the structure of cognitive activity is also due to the fact that at present the layer of empirical cognition, where they interact in a single process, appears to be more complex than it was previously thought. sensual forms reflections, instrumental-practical means of cognition and abstract-logical means of analysis<…>
For a long time, science was dominated by the empirical tradition (developed by both materialists and idealists), which assumed that the source of scientific knowledge is only sensory data<…>Even now we have to prove that empirical knowledge is not purely sensory, but involves the use of various rational methods of research<…>
At the initial stage of empirical knowledge, the researcher, relying on existing knowledge and theoretical ideas, conducts experiments and records the results of individual observations. However, the scattered data obtained at this stage of the study are not in themselves facts of science. They may contain errors associated with deviations in the functioning of human senses, incorrect instrument readings, incorrect experiments, incorrect interpretation, etc. In other words, the initial data (which in the past were perceived as facts) may contain some random, erroneous elements and subjective layers. In order for them to receive meaning scientific facts, they need to be cleared of this kind of elements, highlighting what characterizes the objective phenomenon itself<…>the results of experiments are checked and rechecked, missing information is collected, and additional experiments are carried out. The initial data obtained as a result of a whole series of experiments and observations are subjected to<…>generalization, classification, typologization, establishment of empirical dependencies and regularities, statistical processing, subject to explanation and interpretation. With the help of these means it is possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible and to express them in the form of factual knowledge.
(A.N. Elsukov)
32. What three components are represented, according to the author, in empirical knowledge?
33. What abstract logical means, in the author’s opinion, make it possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible and to express them in the form of factual knowledge? Name any five remedies.
35. The author points out that for a long time the empirical tradition dominated in science. Write down what they call philosophers who hold a different position, and indicate any two features of their approach to solving the question of knowing the world.
The truth of any knowledge and object can be proven or questioned. Kant's antinomy, which says that even two opposing hypotheses can be logically substantiated, places true knowledge in the rank of a mythical animal.
Such a beast may not exist at all, and Karamazov’s “nothing is true, everything is permitted” should become the highest postulate human life. But first things first.
Philosophical relativism, and later solipsism, pointed out to the world that true knowledge is not always true. The problem of what can be considered genuine and what can be considered false in philosophy has been raised for a very long time. The most famous ancient example of the struggle for the truth of judgments is the dispute between Socrates and the Sophists and the famous saying of the philosopher: “I know that I know nothing.” The Sophists, by the way, were among the first to question almost everything.
The times of theology slightly quelled the ardor of philosophers, giving the “only true” and righteous view of life and the creation of the world by God. But Giordano Bruno and Nikolai Cusansky, thanks to their scientific discoveries, empirically proved that the Sun does not revolve around the Earth, and the planet itself is not the center of the universe. The discovery by 15th-century philosophers and scientists has reignited debate over what true knowledge means, as the planet appears to be hurtling through unknown and frightening space.
At that time new ones begin to appear philosophical schools and science to develop.
So, according to Aristotle, true knowledge is knowledge that completely corresponds to reality. This approach is quite easy to criticize, since it does not take into account both intentional errors and insanity. R. Descartes believed that true knowledge differs from false knowledge in that it has clarity. Another philosopher believed that truth is what the majority agrees with. But, be that as it may, the most important thing is its objectivity, that is, independence from man and his consciousness.
It cannot be said that humanity, by complicating technology, has come so close to denying any error that true knowledge is already at arm's length.
Modern technologies, computers and the Internet have ended up in the hands of uneducated and unprepared societies, which has led to information intoxication and gluttony. Nowadays, information flows from all the cracks, and only a real Moses from programming and social sciences can curb this flow. This picture was described quite vividly already 50 years ago, namely in the book “1984”, written by J. Orwell, and in the novel “Oh, Marvelous new world» Aldous Huxley.
True knowledge can be everyday, scientific or artistic, as well as moral. In general, there are as many truths as there are in the world of professions. For example, a problem for a scientist is a problem that requires a systematic approach, but for a believer it is a punishment for sins. That is why there are so many ongoing disputes around many phenomena, and, unfortunately, high-speed technologies, science and globalization have not yet been able to lead humanity to even the simplest moral issues.
1) criterion of truth 2) objective truth
3) relative truth 4) absolute truth
Thinking in images is a mandatory component of cognition
1) artistic 2) scientific
3) mythological 4) everyday
Relative truth is knowledge
1) false 2) incomplete
3) unverified 4) unfounded
What type of knowledge is a unique set of recipes for behavior developed over the lives of many generations?
1) everyday experience 2) theoretical knowledge
3) folk wisdom 4) artistic image
Absolute truth, as opposed to relative
1) is mined only scientifically 2) is comprehensive knowledge about the subject
3) requires effort to understand 4) contains objective knowledge about the subject
True knowledge differs from false knowledge in that it
1) relies on common sense 2) uses concepts and judgments
3) is created as a result of cognitive activity 4) corresponds to the subject of knowledge
Both absolute and relative truth
1) contains objective knowledge about subject 2) is obtained only scientifically
3) can never be refuted 4) is exhaustive knowledge about the subject
Relative truth, as opposed to absolute
1) contains objective knowledge about the subject 2) is always based on common sense
3) can be refuted over time 4) is the result of sensory and rational knowledge
Practice as a criterion of truth includes
1) scientific experiment 2) scientific concepts
3) theoretical generalizations 4) statistical methods
True knowledge
1) usually practically applicable 2) can only be obtained by science
3) corresponds to the subject knowledge 4) is always presented in the form of theory
What distinguishes relative truth is that it
1) has certain limitations 2) not empirically confirmed
3) was not theoretically substantiated 4) obtained unscientifically
Relative truth is knowledge
1) unreliable 2) false, erroneous
3) reliable, but incomplete 4) shared by the majority
Rational-logical cognition acts as the highest stage in the process of human cognition of the surrounding world. It is typical for him
1) comprehension based on sensations of some external signs and properties of objects and phenomena
2) the formation of ideas about similar and different external signs of objects and phenomena
3) insight into the essence of knowable objects and phenomena, establishing general patterns of their development
4) perception of the holistic external appearance of an object objective world and its retention in memory
Artistic (aesthetic) knowledge is based on
1) putting forward scientific hypotheses 2) summarizing data obtained experimentally
3) accumulation and generalization of life experience 4) displaying the world in artistic images
Knowledge based on common sense, everyday practice and social experience, which is the most important indicative basis for people’s everyday behavior. What type of knowledge are we talking about?
1) artistic 2) scientific
3) everyday 4) personal
Which of the following characterizes theoretical level knowledge?
1) conducting a scientific experiment 2) describing scientific facts
3) generalization of the data obtained 4) observation of individual facts and phenomena
17. Scientists surveyed 25-year-old and 60-year-old residents of Russia. They were asked the question: “Do you think nature or society determines a person’s abilities?” Survey results (percentage of total number participants) are presented in a histogram. Analyze the survey results and choose the correct statement.
1) The share of respondents who believe that abilities are determined by nature decreases with age.
2) About a third of respondents in both groups found it difficult to answer the question.
3) The percentage of people who are confident that the environment determines a person’s abilities decreases with age.
4) About a quarter of respondents in both groups believe that natural inclinations may not be in demand by a person.
What character of truth is evidenced by the statement: “Every truth is born as a heresy and dies as a prejudice”?
1) about the scientific 2) about the absolute
3) about relative 4) about the obvious
20.In the 16th century Polish scientist N. Copernicus, using calculations, proved that the Earth and other planets solar system revolve around the Sun. This discovery represents
1) experimentally proven fact 2) scientific conclusion
3) generalization of data from everyday observations 4) the result of social cognition
Write down the word missing in the diagram
ANSWER: Empirical
22.Write down the word missing in the diagram:
ANSWER: abilities
23. Establish a correspondence between the stages of cognition and the specific operations illustrating them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.