Jewish children during the Holocaust. Pregnant at Auschwitz: Holocaust survivor recalls the decision that saved her and her unborn baby's lives
The Holocaust began in January 1933, when Hitler came to power, and effectively ended on May 8, 1945.
Between 1933 and 1945, more than 11 million men, women and children were killed during the Holocaust. Approximately six million of them were Jews.
More than 1.1 million children died during the Holocaust.
Children were particularly targeted by the Nazis during the Holocaust. Alive, they posed an exceptional threat, because, having matured, they would have created a new generation of Jews. Many children suffocated in cattle trucks on the way to the camps. Those who survived were immediately placed in gas chambers.
The largest mass murder of the Holocaust occurred in September 1941 at Babi Yar near Kyiv in Ukraine, where more than 33,000 Jews were killed in just two days. The Jews were forced to undress and go to the edge of the ravine. When German troops fired at them, they fell down. Then the Nazis filled up the walls of the ravine, burying both the dead and the living. The police grabbed the children and also threw them into the ravine.
Initially, carbon monoxide was used in gas chambers. Later, the insecticide Zyklon B was developed to kill prisoners. When the prisoners were in the cell, the doors were sealed and Zyklon B balls were dropped into the ventilation inside the walls, spreading poisonous gas. SS doctor Johann Kremer said that the victims were screaming and fighting for their lives. Victims were found with blood coming from their ears and foaming at the mouth in a semi-sitting position in cells with space available only for standing.
Prisoners, mostly Jews, called Sonderkommando, were forced to bury corpses or burn them in ovens. Since the Nazis did not need witnesses, most members of the Sonderkommando were regularly placed in gas chambers; out of several thousand people, less than twenty survived. Some members of the Sonderkommando buried their certificates in jars before they died. Ironically, the survival of the Sonderkommando members depended on the constant supply of new Jewish prisoners to the concentration camps
On November 9, 1938, Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass occurred in Germany and Austria, when the Nazis treacherously attacked Jewish communities. The Nazis destroyed, looted and burned more than 1,000 synagogues and destroyed more than 7,000 businesses. They also destroyed Jewish hospitals, schools, cemeteries and homes. When it was all over, 96 Jews had been killed and 30,000 arrested.
In the early stages of the extermination of European Jews, the Nazis forcibly moved them into ghettos and followed a policy of indirect extermination, depriving Jews of their basic means of subsistence. In the largest Warsaw ghetto in Poland, about 1% of the population died every month.
Approximately 1/3 of the Jewish people living at that time were killed in the Holocaust.
In his memoirs, Rudolf Hess described how Jews were tricked into the gas chambers. To avoid panic, they were told that they needed to undress for showering and disinfection. The Nazis used "Special Squads" (other Jewish prisoners) who kept the situation calm and helped those who refused to take off their clothes. The children often cried, but after being consoled by Special Squad members, they entered the gas chambers laughing, playing, or chatting with each other, often still holding toys.
The word "Holocaust" comes from the Greek holo "whole, whole" and kaustos "combustible, burnt." It means an animal sacrifice in which the entire body is burned. The Holocaust is also known as Shoah, which means "destruction, destruction" in Hebrew. The terms "Shoah" and "Final Solution" always refer to the Nazi extermination of the Jews, and the common noun "Holocaust" refers to Nazi genocide in general, while "Holocaust" can mean the mass extermination of any group of people by any government.
An estimated 220,000-500,000 Roma were killed during the Holocaust.
Unlike other genocides, in which the victims often escape death by converting to another religion, the Jewish generation living at that time could only be saved if their grandparents converted to Christianity before January 18, 1871 (before the founding of the German Empire)
Those who were subjected to Dr. Josef Mengele's experiments were almost always killed and dissected. Many children were maimed or paralyzed, and hundreds died. The children called him "Uncle Mengele", he brought them candy and toys before he killed with my own hands. He later drowned in Brazil in 1979.
Nazi doctor Josef Mengele, also known as the "Angel of Death", admired the twins. According to one eyewitness, in an attempt to create conjoined twins, he sewed two twins named Guido and Nino, who were about 4 years old, back to back. Their parents managed to obtain morphine and kill their children to end their suffering.
During the Holocaust, gas entered the chambers from below and then slowly rose to the ceiling, forcing victims to climb on top of each other to breathe air. Those who were stronger were often found on top of piles of bodies.
Many Jewish children who were hidden in Christian families during the Holocaust were unaware of their origins and remained with their adoptive parents. Some children became so attached to their adoptive parents that they did not want to leave them to be reunited with surviving family members.
In some concentration camps, prisoners were subjected to medical experiments by exposing the body to various conditions, such as placing them at high altitudes, exposing them to low temperatures or extreme atmospheric pressure. Others were used in experiments with diseases such as hepatitis, tuberculosis and malaria.
Concentration camp workers were forced to run in front of SS officers to show that they still had strength. SS officers directed the runners into one of two lines. One line went to the gas chambers. The other was returning to the barracks. The fleeing workers did not know where each of them was going.
The Nazis processed the hair of Holocaust victims into felt and thread. Hair was also often used to make socks and insoles for submarine crews, for bomb fuses, rope, ship cords, and for stuffing mattresses. Camp commanders were required to submit monthly reports on the amount of hair collected.
Soviet soldiers were the first to begin liberating concentration camps. On July 23, 1944 they liberated Majdanek. Most people in the world initially refused to believe Soviet reports of the horrors seen there.
From the very beginning of the war, it was part of Nazi Germany's policy to kill civilians en masse. This was especially true for the Jews - Hitler later put forward the policy of the “final solution,” that is, the complete extermination of the Jews. Death squads led to the death of about a million people, later numerous massacres began to occur, and then concentration camps appeared, where prisoners were deprived of proper food and medical care. The final point was the construction of death camps - government institutions, the purpose of which was the systematic murder of huge numbers of people.
In 1945, when Allied troops overran many of the camps during the offensive, they discovered the results of this Nazi policy: hundreds of thousands of hungry and sick prisoners who were locked away along with thousands of dead bodies. And in addition, gas chambers, huge crematorium buildings, thousands of mass graves, thousands of volumes of documentation on non-human cruel medical experiments, and much more were discovered. The Nazis killed more than ten million people, including six million Jews.
Lebensunwertes Leben, in other words, “life unworthy of life.” One of the most horrific terms in history was used by the soldiers of Nazi Germany to designate human beings whose lives they believed were insignificant, of no importance - or to designate those who were to be killed. At first, this term was applied exclusively to people suffering from various mental disorders; later it began to designate “racially inferior” or “suffering from sexual deviations” or simply “enemies of the state,” both internal and external.
1. An emaciated eighteen-year-old Russian girl looks into the camera lens during the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp in 1945. The Dachau concentration camp was the first German concentration camp. It was opened in 1933. More than 200,000 people were held here in inhumane conditions between 1933 and 1945. Officially, 31,591 deaths were announced. Deaths were caused by disease, malnutrition and suicide. Unlike Auschwitz, Dachau was not officially a “death camp”, but the conditions of prisoners there were so terrible that hundreds of people died every week.
2. This photo was provided by the Paris Holocaust Remembrance Foundation. It depicts the execution of a Ukrainian Jew by a German soldier during a mass shooting of local residents in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, approximately between 1941 and 1943. This photograph, entitled “The Last Jew in Vinnitsa” (this was the inscription on the back of the photograph), was found in a photo album belonging to a German soldier.
3. German soldiers interrogate Jews after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943. In October 1940, the Germans began moving more than 3 million Jews living in Poland into overcrowded ghettos. In the largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, thousands of Jews died due to ongoing epidemics of disease and starvation. In addition, the Nazis soon began mass deportations from the ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the first mass uprising against the Nazi occupation of Europe, lasted from April 19 to May 16, 1943. It began after German soldiers and police entered the ghetto to deport the surviving residents. The uprising ended when the poorly armed rebels were defeated by outnumbered and well-equipped German troops.
4. A man takes away the bodies of dead Jews in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943. People here were dying of hunger right on the streets. Every morning, around 4-5 am, funeral carts collected several dozen dead bodies. The bodies of dead Jews were burned en masse in deep pits.
5. A group of Jews, including little boy, taken out of the Warsaw ghetto, accompanied by German soldiers. The photo was taken on April 19, 1943. This photograph was part of SS General Stroop's report to his command, and was presented as evidence of Nazi atrocities during the Nuremberg Tribunal in 1945.
6. After the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the ghetto was completely destroyed. Of the more than 56 thousand Jews who were held there, about 7,000 were shot and the rest were deported to death camps or concentration camps. This photo shows the ruins of the ghetto, which was blown up by German troops. Warsaw ghetto lasted for several years, during which time approximately 300,000 Polish Jews died there.
7. A German in military uniform shoots a Jewish woman during a mass shooting in Mizoche, Ukraine. In October 1942, 1,700 people in the ghetto located in Mizoć rebelled against the Germans and the local policemen who joined them. About half of the residents were able to escape or hide during the uprising. As a result, the uprising was finally suppressed. The survivors were captured, they were taken to a ravine and shot. Photos courtesy of the Paris Holocaust Memorial Foundation.
8. Jews deported at the Drancy transit camp near Paris, France, in 1942. Drancy was the last stop before people were put into German concentration camps. An estimated 13,152 Jews (including 4,115 children) were rounded up by French police and taken from their homes to the Vel d'Hiv, a winter stadium in southwest Paris, in July 1942. They were later taken to the train terminal in Drancy, northeast of the French capital, and then deported to the east. Only a few later managed to return home.
9. Anne Frank, photograph taken in 1941. The image was provided by the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In August 1944, Anna, her family and others who were hiding from the occupying German forces were captured and sent to prisons and concentration camps. Anna died of typhus at the age of 15 in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, but her posthumously published diaries made her a symbol of all Jews who died in World War II.
10. The arrival of Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia, a region that was ceded to Hungary in 1939 but previously belonged to Czechoslovakia, to Auschwitz-Birkenau, an extermination camp in Poland, in May 1944. The photo was provided by Lily Jacob in 1980.
11. Fourteen-year-old Czeslawa Kwoka, photographs of the personal file of a prisoner of the Auschwitz camp. The photo is in the museum at Auschwitz, the Nazi death camp where about 1.5 million people, most of them Jews, died during World War II. Czeslawa, a Polish and Catholic woman originally from Wolka Zlojecka, Poland, was sent to Auschwitz with her mother in December 1942. Three months later, both were already dead. Wilhelm Brasse, one of the prisoners whose job it was to take photographs of the prisoners, spoke about Czeslaw in a documentary filmed in 2005. “She was so young and she was so scared. The poor girl did not understand why she was there, and she could not understand what exactly they were telling her. The warden got angry, took a stick and began to hit her in the face. This German woman simply took out her aggression on the girl. This young girl was so beautiful, so innocent. She cried, but she couldn't do anything. Before I photographed her, she wiped away tears and blood from a cut on her lip. I couldn’t help her, alas.”
12. Victim of a Nazi medical experiment in Ravensbrück, Germany, in November 1943. A deep phosphorus burn is visible on the victim's hand. The photograph shows the results of a medical experiment with phosphorus, which was carried out by doctors at Ravensbrück. During the experiment, a mixture of phosphorus and rubber is applied to the skin and set on fire. Twenty seconds later, the fire was extinguished with water. Three days later, the wound was treated with Echinacin solution. After two weeks the wound was healing. This photograph, taken by a camp doctor, was present as evidence of Nazi atrocities during the Nuremberg doctors' trial.
13. Jewish prisoners in the Buchenwald concentration camp, after liberation from the camp in 1945
14. American soldiers silently inspect railway cars containing dead bodies that were discovered on a railway line at the Dachau camp in Germany, May 3, 1945.
15. An emaciated Frenchman sits among the dead at the Mittelbau-Dora labor camp in Nordhausen, Germany, in April 1945.
16. Dead bodies lie against the wall of a crematorium in a German concentration camp in Dachau, Germany. The bodies were discovered by American Seventh Army troops who captured the camp on May 14, 1945.
17. An American soldier inspects thousands of gold wedding rings that were seized from Jews by the Germans in Salt Heilbronn in Germany, May 3, 1945.
18. Three American soldiers look at dead bodies in an oven at a crematorium in April 1945. The photograph was taken at an unidentified concentration camp in Germany, as the camp was being liberated by US Army soldiers.
19. A pile of ashes and bones at the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar in Germany, April 25, 1945.
20. Prisoners at the electrified fence of the Dachau concentration camp greet American soldiers. The exact date of the photo is not known. Some of the prisoners are dressed in blue and white striped prison clothes. They decorated their barracks with secretly made flags that they had made when they heard the approaching gun salvos of the 42nd Rainbow Division as they approached Dachau.
21. General Dwight D. Eisenhower and other American officers at the Ohrdruf concentration camp, shortly after the liberation of the camp in April 1945. When American troops came within close proximity of the camp, the guards shot and killed the prisoners.
22. A dying prisoner at the Nordhausen concentration camp in Germany on April 18, 1945.
23. Prisoners on the death march from Dachau move south along Noerdliche Muenchner in Grunewald, Germany, April 29, 1945. Many thousands of prisoners were forcibly transferred from remote prison camps to camps deep within Germany as Allied forces approached the borders. Thousands of people died along the way; those who were unable to keep up were executed on the spot. Fourth from the right in the photo is Dmitry Gorky, who was born on August 19, 1920 in Blagoslovsky, Russia, into a peasant family. During World War II, Dmitry was imprisoned in Dachau prison for 22 months. The reasons for his imprisonment are unknown. The photo was provided by the staff of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
24. American soldiers walk between rows of corpses that lie on the ground outside the barracks at the Nazi concentration camp in Nordhausen, Germany, April 17, 1945. The camp is located 70 miles west of Leipzig. When the camp was liberated by Allied forces on April 12, U.S. Army soldiers discovered more than 3,000 bodies and a meager handful of survivors.
25. A dead prisoner in a train carriage near the Dachau concentration camp in May 1945.
26. Lieutenant General George S. Patton of the 3rd Army, XX Corps of the Allied Army at the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany, April 11, 1945.
27. General Patch's Twelfth Armored Division, fighting its way to the Austrian border, stumbled upon the horrors of the German concentration camp at Schwabmunchen, southwest of Munich. More than 4,000 slaves, Jews from different countries, were housed in the prison. Many prisoners were burned alive by the guards, who set fire to the barracks in which the prisoners slept, shooting at anyone who tried to escape. The photograph of the dead bodies at Schwabmunchen was taken on May 1, 1945.
28. The body of a prisoner lies on a barbed wire fence in Leipzig Thekla, south of the Buchenwald camp, near Weimar, Germany.
29. These dead bodies of German victims were taken from the Lambach concentration camp in Austria on May 6, 1945 by German soldiers on the orders of American troops. The camp initially housed eighteen thousand people. There were no beds or bathrooms provided, and forty to fifty prisoners died every day.
30. A young man sits on an overturned stool next to a burned body at the Thekla camp outside Leipzig, in April 1945, after American troops entered Leipzig on April 18. On this day, April 18, workers at the Thekla aircraft plant were locked in an isolated room and burned alive with incendiary bombs. About 300 prisoners died. Those who managed to escape were executed by members of the Hitler Youth, according to the report of an American captain
31. The burned bodies of political prisoners lie at the entrance to a barn in Gardelegen, Germany, on April 16, 1945, where they met their deaths at the hands of German SS troops who set the barn on fire. A group of people tried to escape and were shot by the SS troops. Of the 1,100 prisoners, only twelve managed to escape.
32. Dead bodies found by soldiers of the US Army's Third Armored Division at the German concentration camp at Nordhausen on April 25, 1945, where hundreds of "slaves" of various nationalities were held.
33. When American troops liberated prisoners at the Dachau camp, Germany, in 1945, many German guards were killed by the prisoners, who then dumped their bodies in a ditch surrounding the camp.
34. Lieutenant Colonel Ed Seiler of Louisville, Kentucky, stands among the bodies of Holocaust victims, speaking with 200 German civilians who were led to the Landsberg concentration camp, May 15, 1945.
35. Exhausted and exhausted prisoners, almost dead from hunger, at the concentration camp in Ebensee, Austria, May 7, 1945. The camp had a reputation as a place. where prisoners were used for “scientific” experiments.
36. Freed by soldiers of the Third Armored Division of the American First Army, a Russian identifies a former camp guard who brutally beat prisoners on April 14, 1945 at the Buchenwald concentration camp in Thuringia, Germany.
37. Dead bodies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after British troops liberated the camp on April 15, 1945. British soldiers found 60,000 men, women and children dying of hunger and disease.
38. German SS soldiers load the bodies of victims - prisoners of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp - into trucks for burial, in Belsen, Germany, April 17, 1945. In the background is a British armed convoy.
39. Citizens of Ludwigslust, Germany, inspect nearby concentration camps on orders from the 82nd Airborne Division on May 6, 1945.
40. Thousands of dead bodies at Bergen-Belsen, in Bergen, Germany, found after the liberation of the camp by British troops on April 20, 1945. The approximately 60,000 civilians held there, victims of typhus, typhoid and dysentery, died in the hundreds every day, despite the desperate efforts of medical personnel rushed into the camp after its liberation.
41. Joseph Kramer, commandant of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Belsen, photograph taken April 28, 1945. After a trial, Kramer, the "Monster of Belsen", was convicted and executed in December 1945.
42. Women from SS units unload the bodies of their victims from trucks at a concentration camp in Belsen, Germany, April 28, 1945. Hunger and disease led to the death of hundreds of thousands of prisoners in the camp. British soldiers are in the background.
43. A German SS soldier is among hundreds of corpses during a mass grave in Belsen, Germany, in April 1945.
44. Piles of dead bodies in the concentration camp in Bergen-Belsen, April 30, 1945. Approximately 100,000 people died in this camp.
45. A German woman covers her son's eyes as they pass a row of exhumed bodies outside Suttrop, Germany. The bodies of 57 Russians killed by German SS troops were thrown into a mass grave before the arrival of the US Ninth Army. Before the burial, all German civilians in the area were gathered to see the victims with their own eyes.
During the war and persecution. It is not possible to establish the exact number of deaths, since people were exterminated as entire families, and numbers in concentration camps were given only to those who could be used as labor. The death of children and youth became one of the most tragic pages in the history of the Holocaust. Numerous testimonies, memoirs, diaries and studies show that from the first days of the Nazis' anti-Semitic policies, the younger generation, and especially representatives of the Jewish people, were deliberately persecuted and exterminated.
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Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most Jews were immediately sent to their deaths.
"Dangerous" groups
The killings began officially in 1939, and their numbers increased steadily throughout the war. But persecution of Jews and “unnecessary” groups existed in Germany long before the war began. After the infamous Kristallnacht in 1937, Jews became outcasts, their property was stolen, and most were deported to concentration camps.
Chances of survival
Some were helped by programs such as Kindertransport even before the mass extermination began.
Young children (babies or pre-teens) were usually disposed of in gas chambers or simply shot, in an effort to “finally resolve” the issue of the extermination of the Jews. The chances of survival of Jewish and some non-Jewish teenagers aged 13-18 were higher, since their labor could be exploited. The number of children rescued was relatively small. Some survived the ghetto or concentration camp. There were very rare cases when they managed to hide them or pass them off as their children in non-Jewish families. But these were isolated cases that did not save the situation.
Causes of death
Children died for the following reasons:
- Children who were killed as soon as they arrived at some camp.
- Children who were destroyed as soon as they were born (among them were those born in ghettos and camps who survived because prisoners hid them).
- Children, usually over the age of 12-13, were often used as laborers in the camps in the kitchen, to clean the barracks, to work in the horse maintenance rooms and to do other slave labor. In case of the slightest illness, these children also faced death. In addition, children were also used as subjects of medical experiments.
- Children killed during punitive (“anti-partisan”) operations.
Ghetto
In the ghettos that the Germans created at the beginning of the war in Polish cities (Warsaw, Lodz), Jewish children died from hunger and lack of proper clothing and shelter. The German authorities were indifferent to this mass death because they considered the younger children of the ghetto to be "useless eaters." The Germans deliberately limited food. In the ghettos and various death camps, children were killed first because they were usually too young to be used for their labor. German authorities usually chose them for extermination first, along with the elderly and disabled. Children who were healthy enough and able to work often did backbreaking work for the benefit of the camp and died, but sometimes they were forced to do unnecessary tasks, such as digging pits.
Medical experiments
Children were subjected to experiments in various camps, especially Auschwitz, where Josef Mengele was active. Those whom Mengele studied were better fed, they were placed in more acceptable conditions, and they were temporarily not threatened with gas chambers. For experimental subjects, he opened a kindergarten for Jewish and Gypsy children under 6 years of age. When visiting “his” child, he introduced himself as “Uncle Mengele” and offered sweets. But he was personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims, whom he killed through lethal injection, shootings, beatings and torturous experiments. Mengele's son Rolf said that his father later showed no remorse for his war crimes.
From the memoirs of a former prisoner: “He was able to be so kind to children that they began to love him, brought them sugar, thought about the small details of their Everyday life, to make us sincerely admire him... And then he could stand next to the crematorium and smoke, knowing that tomorrow or within half an hour he would send these children there.”
Special place Mengele's medical experiments involved twin children. They were subjected to weekly checks, constantly measuring their physical characteristics. Mengele's experiments on twins included unnecessary amputations, deliberately infecting one twin with typhus or other diseases, and blood transfusions from one twin to the other. Some victims died while undergoing these procedures. After the end of the experiments, the twins were usually killed. Nisley recalled how Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night by injecting their hearts with chloroform. If one twin died of illness, Mengele killed the other, making comparative post-mortem reports.
Mengele's eye experiments included attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects. He killed people with heterochromatic eyes by removing the eyes and sending them to Berlin for study. They looked for pregnant women for Mengele, on whom he conducted experiments before sending them to the gas chambers. Witness Vera told how he sewed the backs of two twins together in an attempt to create conjoined twins. The children died of gangrene after several days of incredible suffering.
Survival methods
And yet many children were able to survive. Some were helped by participation in underground resistance activities. Some of them were separated from their parents or other relatives, others became Jewish partisans.
Between 1938 and 1939, the Kindertransport (Children's Transport) organization sent approximately 10,000 Jewish children (without parents) to Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories.
Some non-Jews hid Jewish children, sometimes, as in the case of Anne Frank, other family members.
Famous diaries of child victims of the Holocaust
see also
- Execution of the pupils of the Nizhne-Chirsky orphanage
Notes
Literature
- Alekseev N. S. F. Kaul.
- Nazimordaktion, T. 4. Ein Bericht uber die erste industrimabig durchfuhrte Mordaktion des Naziregimes. Berlin.
- VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1973. :(Review) / N. S. Alekseev // Jurisprudence. - 1977. - No. 1. - P. 122-124 Handorf G.
- Murders under the sign of euthanasia under the Nazi regime // News of medicine and pharmacy. - 2010. - No. 329. Zorin N. A.
- Psychiatry of Nazi Germany // Diary of a Psychiatrist. - 2015. - No. 1. - P. 5-7. Ultra-Orthodox man buys diaries of Nazi doctor Mengele for $245,000 (undefined) . Haaretz(22 July 2011). Retrieved February 2, 2014.
- Allison, Kirk C. Eugenics, race hygiene, and the Holocaust: Antecedents and consolidations // Routledge History of the Holocaust. - Milton Park; New York: Taylor & Francis, 2011. - P. 45–58. - ISBN 978-0-415-77956-2.
- Astor, Gerald. Last Nazi: Life and Times of Dr Joseph Mengele. - New York: Donald I. Fine, 1985. - ISBN 0-917657-46-2.
- Blumenthal, Ralph (22 July 1985). “Scientists Decide Brazil Skeleton Is Josef Mengele” . The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- Brozan, Nadine (1982). “Out of Death, a Zest for Life” . The New York Times.
- Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at War. - New York: Penguin, 2008. - ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
- Hier, Marvin Wiesenthal Center Praises Acquisition of Mengele's Diary (undefined) . Simpn Wiesenthal Center (2010). Retrieved February 2, 2014.
- Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: A Biography. - New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008. - ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
- Kubica, Helena. The Crimes of Josef Mengele // Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. - Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998. - P. 317–337. - ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2.
- Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Dekel, Sheila Cohn. Children of the Flames: Dr Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. - New York: William Morrow, 1991. - ISBN 0-688-09695-6.
- Levy, Alan. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File. - Revised 2002. - London: Constable & Robinson, 2006. - ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7.
- Lifton, Robert Jay (21 July 1985). “What Made This Man?” The New York TimesMengele.".
- . Date accessed 11 January 2014 Lifton, Robert Jay.
- The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. - New York: Basic Books, 1986. - ISBN 978-0-465-04905-9. Longerich, Peter.
- Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. - Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. - ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5. Mozes-Kor, Eva.
- Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account // The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. - New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. - P. 53–59. - ISBN 978-0-19-510106-5. The New York TimesNash, Nathaniel C. (11 February 1992). “Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest” ..
- . Retrieved 31 August 2014 Nyiszli, Miklos.
Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. - New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011. -
Users claim that the Minions, the little yellow creatures from the Despicable Me cartoons, were based on Jewish children tortured by the Nazis during World War II.
According to this version, children were sent to gas chambers in suits with a small hole for the eyes, where they cried and asked for help in Yiddish. Because of their spacesuits, their words became completely indistinguishable, and the resulting thin sound greatly amused the “experimenters.”
And since the resemblance of the Minions to the people in the photo is obvious, many began to argue that Obama instructed Hollywood to create this cartoon specifically (!) to remind people of the danger of fascism and to prevent such horror from happening again.
Each such post receives many comments full of regret and sympathy.
This is wrong!
In fact, this photograph was taken at the beginning of the 20th century and there are no children in it. These are just the first divers in wetsuits - a submarine crew in spacesuits, 1908.
Here's how wetsuits have evolved since then.
In 1914, Chester MacDuffee built the first diving suit using ball bearings to provide joint mobility. The invention was tested in New York at a depth of 65 meters.
1926. The P-7 metal diving suit from Neufeldt-Kuhnke is tested in France.
November 30, 1925: Inventor J. S. Peress explains how his new stainless wetsuit works at the London Shipping Exhibition. It weighed almost 250 kg and could dive to a depth of 198 m.
August 15, 1931. American inventor H. L. Bowdoin with his deep-sea diving suit with 1000-watt lamps mounted on the shoulders.
June 23, 1933. A group of guys from Los Angeles wearing diving helmets made from parts of water heaters and other parts.
It was committed during World War II. There are virtually no families in Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union who did not suffer at the hands of the Nazis. Some people lost their fathers, sons, brothers in the war, others lost relatives during bombings, but the worst thing is the Holocaust of children forcibly taken from their parents. In the period 1933-1945, millions of innocent children of different nationalities and religions suffered. Few of them managed to survive; humanitarian organizations dealt with the fate of thousands of children in the post-war period.
Selective extermination of children
Hitler was obsessed with cleanliness, so he organized a special program to fight for its purification. The children of Jews and Gypsies were killed first because they were considered dangerous to Germany. Physically and mentally disabled children from the occupied territories of the USSR, Poland and Germany itself were also subjected to extermination. The Holocaust of children affected many families; both orphans and children forcibly taken from their parents ended up in concentration camps. All victims can be divided into several groups:
- children from 12 years of age were used as labor and for medical experiments;
- destroyed newborns;
- children killed immediately upon arrival in concentration camps;
- born in death camps and ghettos, who managed to escape thanks to the people who sheltered them from the Nazis.
Nazi attitude towards children
In the ghetto, the unfortunate people died most often from disease and hunger. They were of little concern, since babies were of no particular value to them; in most cases, they were destroyed along with the disabled and the elderly in the first place. Holocaust children over 12 years of age were used as labor, but the conditions were such that they could not survive for long. The infirm were sent to gas chambers, shot, or simply left to die in agony. The Holocaust of children became a disgrace for the entire nation; the Germans still cannot cleanse themselves before the public for those terrible acts. The fate of the children, as a rule, was controlled by the Judenrat; on his orders, the children were deported to
Surviving children
Blonde-haired, blue-eyed children with fair skin were more fortunate; they were taken away from their parents, but were not killed, but were sent to be raised in “racially complete” German families, since such appearance was “Aryan”. The Childhood Holocaust did not affect the thousands of young Jews who were deported from Germany and Nazi-occupied countries by the Kindertransport program. There were also brave people who agreed to hide the unfortunate under their roof. Many children found shelter in Belgium, Italy, and in France they were hidden by nuns and Protestant families.
The Holocaust Monument will always remind people of the unprecedented cruelty and brutality of some historical figures and warn against the repetition of such horrors. No one has the right to control the life of another person, make a slave out of him or kill him at his own whim.
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